Learn about the project's history, meet the maintaining teams, and find out how to use the Bootstrap brand.
History
Originally created by a designer and a developer at Twitter, Bootstrap has become one of the most popular front-end frameworks and open source projects in the world.
Bootstrap was created at Twitter in mid-2010 by @mdo and @fat. Prior to being an open-sourced framework, Bootstrap was known as Twitter Blueprint. A few months into development, Twitter held its first Hack Week and the project exploded as developers of all skill levels jumped in without any external guidance. It served as the style guide for internal tools development at the company for over a year before its public release, and continues to do so today.
Originally released on , we've since had over twenty releases, including two major rewrites with v2 and v3. With Bootstrap 2, we added responsive functionality to the entire framework as an optional stylesheet. Building on that with Bootstrap 3, we rewrote the library once more to make it responsive by default with a mobile first approach.
Team
Bootstrap is maintained by the founding team and a small group of invaluable core contributors, with the massive support and involvement of our community.
Get involved with Bootstrap development by opening an issue or submitting a pull request. Read our contributing guidelines for information on how we develop.
The official Sass port of Bootstrap was created and is maintained by this team. It became part of Bootstrap's organization with v3.1.0. Read the Sass contributing guidelines for information on how the Sass port is developed.
Brand guidelines
Have a need for Bootstrap's brand resources? Great! We have only a few guidelines we follow, and in turn ask you to follow as well. These guidelines were inspired by MailChimp's Brand Assets.
Mark and logo
Use either the Bootstrap mark (a capital B) or the standard logo (just Bootstrap). It should always appear in Helvetica Neue Bold. Do not use the Twitter bird in association with Bootstrap.
B
B
Bootstrap
Bootstrap
Download mark
Download the Bootstrap mark in one of three styles, each available as an SVG file. Right click, Save as.
Name
The project and framework should always be referred to as Bootstrap. No Twitter before it, no capital s, and no abbreviations except for one, a capital B.
Bootstrap
(correct)
BootStrap
(incorrect)
Twitter Bootstrap
(incorrect)
Colors
Our docs and branding use a handful of primary colors to differentiate what is Bootstrap from what is in Bootstrap. In other words, if it's purple, it's representative of Bootstrap.
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- Wall of browser bugs · Bootstrap
A list of the browser bugs that Bootstrap is currently grappling with.
Browser bugs
Bootstrap currently works around several outstanding browser bugs in major browsers to deliver the best cross-browser experience possible. Some bugs, like those listed below, cannot be solved by us.
We publicly list browser bugs that are impacting us here, in the hopes of expediting the process of fixing them. For information on Bootstrap's browser compatibility, see our browser compatibility docs.
There are several features specified in Web standards which would allow us to make Bootstrap more robust, elegant, or performant, but aren't yet implemented in certain browsers, thus preventing us from taking advantage of them.
We publicly list these "most wanted" feature requests here, in the hopes of expediting the process of getting them implemented.
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- Components · Bootstrap
Over a dozen reusable components built to provide iconography, dropdowns, input groups, navigation, alerts, and much more.
Glyphicons
Available glyphs
Includes over 250 glyphs in font format from the Glyphicon Halflings set. Glyphicons Halflings are normally not available for free, but their creator has made them available for Bootstrap free of cost. As a thank you, we only ask that you include a link back to Glyphicons whenever possible.
glyphicon glyphicon-asterisk
glyphicon glyphicon-plus
glyphicon glyphicon-euro
glyphicon glyphicon-eur
glyphicon glyphicon-minus
glyphicon glyphicon-cloud
glyphicon glyphicon-envelope
glyphicon glyphicon-pencil
glyphicon glyphicon-glass
glyphicon glyphicon-music
glyphicon glyphicon-search
glyphicon glyphicon-heart
glyphicon glyphicon-star
glyphicon glyphicon-star-empty
glyphicon glyphicon-user
glyphicon glyphicon-film
glyphicon glyphicon-th-large
glyphicon glyphicon-th
glyphicon glyphicon-th-list
glyphicon glyphicon-ok
glyphicon glyphicon-remove
glyphicon glyphicon-zoom-in
glyphicon glyphicon-zoom-out
glyphicon glyphicon-off
glyphicon glyphicon-signal
glyphicon glyphicon-cog
glyphicon glyphicon-trash
glyphicon glyphicon-home
glyphicon glyphicon-file
glyphicon glyphicon-time
glyphicon glyphicon-road
glyphicon glyphicon-download-alt
glyphicon glyphicon-download
glyphicon glyphicon-upload
glyphicon glyphicon-inbox
glyphicon glyphicon-play-circle
glyphicon glyphicon-repeat
glyphicon glyphicon-refresh
glyphicon glyphicon-list-alt
glyphicon glyphicon-lock
glyphicon glyphicon-flag
glyphicon glyphicon-headphones
glyphicon glyphicon-volume-off
glyphicon glyphicon-volume-down
glyphicon glyphicon-volume-up
glyphicon glyphicon-qrcode
glyphicon glyphicon-barcode
glyphicon glyphicon-tag
glyphicon glyphicon-tags
glyphicon glyphicon-book
glyphicon glyphicon-bookmark
glyphicon glyphicon-print
glyphicon glyphicon-camera
glyphicon glyphicon-font
glyphicon glyphicon-bold
glyphicon glyphicon-italic
glyphicon glyphicon-text-height
glyphicon glyphicon-text-width
glyphicon glyphicon-align-left
glyphicon glyphicon-align-center
glyphicon glyphicon-align-right
glyphicon glyphicon-align-justify
glyphicon glyphicon-list
glyphicon glyphicon-indent-left
glyphicon glyphicon-indent-right
glyphicon glyphicon-facetime-video
glyphicon glyphicon-picture
glyphicon glyphicon-map-marker
glyphicon glyphicon-adjust
glyphicon glyphicon-tint
glyphicon glyphicon-edit
glyphicon glyphicon-share
glyphicon glyphicon-check
glyphicon glyphicon-move
glyphicon glyphicon-step-backward
glyphicon glyphicon-fast-backward
glyphicon glyphicon-backward
glyphicon glyphicon-play
glyphicon glyphicon-pause
glyphicon glyphicon-stop
glyphicon glyphicon-forward
glyphicon glyphicon-fast-forward
glyphicon glyphicon-step-forward
glyphicon glyphicon-eject
glyphicon glyphicon-chevron-left
glyphicon glyphicon-chevron-right
glyphicon glyphicon-plus-sign
glyphicon glyphicon-minus-sign
glyphicon glyphicon-remove-sign
glyphicon glyphicon-ok-sign
glyphicon glyphicon-question-sign
glyphicon glyphicon-info-sign
glyphicon glyphicon-screenshot
glyphicon glyphicon-remove-circle
glyphicon glyphicon-ok-circle
glyphicon glyphicon-ban-circle
glyphicon glyphicon-arrow-left
glyphicon glyphicon-arrow-right
glyphicon glyphicon-arrow-up
glyphicon glyphicon-arrow-down
glyphicon glyphicon-share-alt
glyphicon glyphicon-resize-full
glyphicon glyphicon-resize-small
glyphicon glyphicon-exclamation-sign
glyphicon glyphicon-gift
glyphicon glyphicon-leaf
glyphicon glyphicon-fire
glyphicon glyphicon-eye-open
glyphicon glyphicon-eye-close
glyphicon glyphicon-warning-sign
glyphicon glyphicon-plane
glyphicon glyphicon-calendar
glyphicon glyphicon-random
glyphicon glyphicon-comment
glyphicon glyphicon-magnet
glyphicon glyphicon-chevron-up
glyphicon glyphicon-chevron-down
glyphicon glyphicon-retweet
glyphicon glyphicon-shopping-cart
glyphicon glyphicon-folder-close
glyphicon glyphicon-folder-open
glyphicon glyphicon-resize-vertical
glyphicon glyphicon-resize-horizontal
glyphicon glyphicon-hdd
glyphicon glyphicon-bullhorn
glyphicon glyphicon-bell
glyphicon glyphicon-certificate
glyphicon glyphicon-thumbs-up
glyphicon glyphicon-thumbs-down
glyphicon glyphicon-hand-right
glyphicon glyphicon-hand-left
glyphicon glyphicon-hand-up
glyphicon glyphicon-hand-down
glyphicon glyphicon-circle-arrow-right
glyphicon glyphicon-circle-arrow-left
glyphicon glyphicon-circle-arrow-up
glyphicon glyphicon-circle-arrow-down
glyphicon glyphicon-globe
glyphicon glyphicon-wrench
glyphicon glyphicon-tasks
glyphicon glyphicon-filter
glyphicon glyphicon-briefcase
glyphicon glyphicon-fullscreen
glyphicon glyphicon-dashboard
glyphicon glyphicon-paperclip
glyphicon glyphicon-heart-empty
glyphicon glyphicon-link
glyphicon glyphicon-phone
glyphicon glyphicon-pushpin
glyphicon glyphicon-usd
glyphicon glyphicon-gbp
glyphicon glyphicon-sort
glyphicon glyphicon-sort-by-alphabet
glyphicon glyphicon-sort-by-alphabet-alt
glyphicon glyphicon-sort-by-order
glyphicon glyphicon-sort-by-order-alt
glyphicon glyphicon-sort-by-attributes
glyphicon glyphicon-sort-by-attributes-alt
glyphicon glyphicon-unchecked
glyphicon glyphicon-expand
glyphicon glyphicon-collapse-down
glyphicon glyphicon-collapse-up
glyphicon glyphicon-log-in
glyphicon glyphicon-flash
glyphicon glyphicon-log-out
glyphicon glyphicon-new-window
glyphicon glyphicon-record
glyphicon glyphicon-save
glyphicon glyphicon-open
glyphicon glyphicon-saved
glyphicon glyphicon-import
glyphicon glyphicon-export
glyphicon glyphicon-send
glyphicon glyphicon-floppy-disk
glyphicon glyphicon-floppy-saved
glyphicon glyphicon-floppy-remove
glyphicon glyphicon-floppy-save
glyphicon glyphicon-floppy-open
glyphicon glyphicon-credit-card
glyphicon glyphicon-transfer
glyphicon glyphicon-cutlery
glyphicon glyphicon-header
glyphicon glyphicon-compressed
glyphicon glyphicon-earphone
glyphicon glyphicon-phone-alt
glyphicon glyphicon-tower
glyphicon glyphicon-stats
glyphicon glyphicon-sd-video
glyphicon glyphicon-hd-video
glyphicon glyphicon-subtitles
glyphicon glyphicon-sound-stereo
glyphicon glyphicon-sound-dolby
glyphicon glyphicon-sound-5-1
glyphicon glyphicon-sound-6-1
glyphicon glyphicon-sound-7-1
glyphicon glyphicon-copyright-mark
glyphicon glyphicon-registration-mark
glyphicon glyphicon-cloud-download
glyphicon glyphicon-cloud-upload
glyphicon glyphicon-tree-conifer
glyphicon glyphicon-tree-deciduous
glyphicon glyphicon-cd
glyphicon glyphicon-save-file
glyphicon glyphicon-open-file
glyphicon glyphicon-level-up
glyphicon glyphicon-copy
glyphicon glyphicon-paste
glyphicon glyphicon-alert
glyphicon glyphicon-equalizer
glyphicon glyphicon-king
glyphicon glyphicon-queen
glyphicon glyphicon-pawn
glyphicon glyphicon-bishop
glyphicon glyphicon-knight
glyphicon glyphicon-baby-formula
glyphicon glyphicon-tent
glyphicon glyphicon-blackboard
glyphicon glyphicon-bed
glyphicon glyphicon-apple
glyphicon glyphicon-erase
glyphicon glyphicon-hourglass
glyphicon glyphicon-lamp
glyphicon glyphicon-duplicate
glyphicon glyphicon-piggy-bank
glyphicon glyphicon-scissors
glyphicon glyphicon-bitcoin
glyphicon glyphicon-btc
glyphicon glyphicon-xbt
glyphicon glyphicon-yen
glyphicon glyphicon-jpy
glyphicon glyphicon-ruble
glyphicon glyphicon-rub
glyphicon glyphicon-scale
glyphicon glyphicon-ice-lolly
glyphicon glyphicon-ice-lolly-tasted
glyphicon glyphicon-education
glyphicon glyphicon-option-horizontal
glyphicon glyphicon-option-vertical
glyphicon glyphicon-menu-hamburger
glyphicon glyphicon-modal-window
glyphicon glyphicon-oil
glyphicon glyphicon-grain
glyphicon glyphicon-sunglasses
glyphicon glyphicon-text-size
glyphicon glyphicon-text-color
glyphicon glyphicon-text-background
glyphicon glyphicon-object-align-top
glyphicon glyphicon-object-align-bottom
glyphicon glyphicon-object-align-horizontal
glyphicon glyphicon-object-align-left
glyphicon glyphicon-object-align-vertical
glyphicon glyphicon-object-align-right
glyphicon glyphicon-triangle-right
glyphicon glyphicon-triangle-left
glyphicon glyphicon-triangle-bottom
glyphicon glyphicon-triangle-top
glyphicon glyphicon-console
glyphicon glyphicon-superscript
glyphicon glyphicon-subscript
glyphicon glyphicon-menu-left
glyphicon glyphicon-menu-right
glyphicon glyphicon-menu-down
glyphicon glyphicon-menu-up
How to use
For performance reasons, all icons require a base class and individual icon class. To use, place the following code just about anywhere. Be sure to leave a space between the icon and text for proper padding.
Don't mix with other components
Icon classes cannot be directly combined with other components. They should not be used along with other classes on the same element. Instead, add a nested <span> and apply the icon classes to the <span>.
Only for use on empty elements
Icon classes should only be used on elements that contain no text content and have no child elements.
Changing the icon font location
Bootstrap assumes icon font files will be located in the ../fonts/ directory, relative to the compiled CSS files. Moving or renaming those font files means updating the CSS in one of three ways:
Change the @icon-font-path and/or @icon-font-name variables in the source Less files.
Use whatever option best suits your specific development setup.
Accessible icons
Modern versions of assistive technologies will announce CSS generated content, as well as specific Unicode characters. To avoid unintended and confusing output in screen readers (particularly when icons are used purely for decoration), we hide them with the aria-hidden="true" attribute.
If you're using an icon to convey meaning (rather than only as a decorative element), ensure that this meaning is also conveyed to assistive technologies – for instance, include additional content, visually hidden with the .sr-only class.
If you're creating controls with no other text (such as a <button> that only contains an icon), you should always provide alternative content to identify the purpose of the control, so that it will make sense to users of assistive technologies. In this case, you could add an aria-label attribute on the control itself.
By default, a dropdown menu is automatically positioned 100% from the top and along the left side of its parent. Add .dropdown-menu-right to a .dropdown-menu to right align the dropdown menu.
May require additional positioning
Dropdowns are automatically positioned via CSS within the normal flow of the document. This means dropdowns may be cropped by parents with certain overflow properties or appear out of bounds of the viewport. Address these issues on your own as they arise.
Deprecated .pull-right alignment
As of v3.1.0, we've deprecated .pull-right on dropdown menus. To right-align a menu, use .dropdown-menu-right. Right-aligned nav components in the navbar use a mixin version of this class to automatically align the menu. To override it, use .dropdown-menu-left.
Group a series of buttons together on a single line with the button group. Add on optional JavaScript radio and checkbox style behavior with our buttons plugin.
Tooltips & popovers in button groups require special setting
When using tooltips or popovers on elements within a .btn-group, you'll have to specify the option container: 'body' to avoid unwanted side effects (such as the element growing wider and/or losing its rounded corners when the tooltip or popover is triggered).
Ensure correct role and provide a label
In order for assistive technologies – such as screen readers – to convey that a series of buttons is grouped, an appropriate role attribute needs to be provided. For button groups, this would be role="group", while toolbars should have a role="toolbar".
One exception are groups which only contain a single control (for instance the justified button groups with <button> elements) or a dropdown.
In addition, groups and toolbars should be given an explicit label, as most assistive technologies will otherwise not announce them, despite the presence of the correct role attribute. In the examples provided here, we use aria-label, but alternatives such as aria-labelledby can also be used.
Instead of applying button sizing classes to every button in a group, just add .btn-group-* to each .btn-group, including when nesting multiple groups.
Make a group of buttons stretch at equal sizes to span the entire width of its parent. Also works with button dropdowns within the button group.
Handling borders
Due to the specific HTML and CSS used to justify buttons (namely display: table-cell), the borders between them are doubled. In regular button groups, margin-left: -1px is used to stack the borders instead of removing them. However, margin doesn't work with display: table-cell. As a result, depending on your customizations to Bootstrap, you may wish to remove or re-color the borders.
IE8 and borders
Internet Explorer 8 doesn't render borders on buttons in a justified button group, whether it's on <a> or <button> elements. To get around that, wrap each button in another .btn-group.
If the <a> elements are used to act as buttons – triggering in-page functionality, rather than navigating to another document or section within the current page – they should also be given an appropriate role="button".
With <button> elements
To use justified button groups with <button> elements, you must wrap each button in a button group. Most browsers don't properly apply our CSS for justification to <button> elements, but since we support button dropdowns, we can work around that.
Extend form controls by adding text or buttons before, after, or on both sides of any text-based <input>. Use .input-group with an .input-group-addon or .input-group-btn to prepend or append elements to a single .form-control.
Textual <input>s only
Avoid using <select> elements here as they cannot be fully styled in WebKit browsers.
Avoid using <textarea> elements here as their rows attribute will not be respected in some cases.
Tooltips & popovers in input groups require special setting
When using tooltips or popovers on elements within an .input-group, you'll have to specify the option container: 'body' to avoid unwanted side effects (such as the element growing wider and/or losing its rounded corners when the tooltip or popover is triggered).
Don't mix with other components
Do not mix form groups or grid column classes directly with input groups. Instead, nest the input group inside of the form group or grid-related element.
Always add labels
Screen readers will have trouble with your forms if you don't include a label for every input. For these input groups, ensure that any additional label or functionality is conveyed to assistive technologies.
The exact technique to be used (visible <label> elements, <label> elements hidden using the .sr-only class, or use of the aria-label, aria-labelledby, aria-describedby, title or placeholder attribute) and what additional information will need to be conveyed will vary depending on the exact type of interface widget you're implementing. The examples in this section provide a few suggested, case-specific approaches.
Basic example
Place one add-on or button on either side of an input. You may also place one on both sides of an input.
We do not support multiple add-ons (.input-group-addon or .input-group-btn) on a single side.
We do not support multiple form-controls in a single input group.
Add the relative form sizing classes to the .input-group itself and contents within will automatically resize—no need for repeating the form control size classes on each element.
Buttons in input groups are a bit different and require one extra level of nesting. Instead of .input-group-addon, you'll need to use .input-group-btn to wrap the buttons. This is required due to default browser styles that cannot be overridden.
Navs available in Bootstrap have shared markup, starting with the base .nav class, as well as shared states. Swap modifier classes to switch between each style.
Using navs for tab panels requires JavaScript tabs plugin
For tabs with tabbable areas, you must use the tabs JavaScript plugin. The markup will also require additional role and ARIA attributes – see the plugin's example markup for further details.
Make navs used as navigation accessible
If you are using navs to provide a navigation bar, be sure to add a role="navigation" to the most logical parent container of the <ul>, or wrap a <nav> element around the whole navigation. Do not add the role to the <ul> itself, as this would prevent it from being announced as an actual list by assistive technologies.
Tabs
Note the .nav-tabs class requires the .nav base class.
Easily make tabs or pills equal widths of their parent at screens wider than 768px with .nav-justified. On smaller screens, the nav links are stacked.
Justified navbar nav links are currently not supported.
Safari and responsive justified navs
As of v9.1.2, Safari exhibits a bug in which resizing your browser horizontally causes rendering errors in the justified nav that are cleared upon refreshing. This bug is also shown in the justified nav example.
Navbars are responsive meta components that serve as navigation headers for your application or site. They begin collapsed (and are toggleable) in mobile views and become horizontal as the available viewport width increases.
Justified navbar nav links are currently not supported.
Overflowing content
Since Bootstrap doesn't know how much space the content in your navbar needs, you might run into issues with content wrapping into a second row. To resolve this, you can:
Change the point at which your navbar switches between collapsed and horizontal mode. Customize the @grid-float-breakpoint variable or add your own media query.
Requires JavaScript plugin
If JavaScript is disabled and the viewport is narrow enough that the navbar collapses, it will be impossible to expand the navbar and view the content within the .navbar-collapse.
The responsive navbar requires the collapse plugin to be included in your version of Bootstrap.
Changing the collapsed mobile navbar breakpoint
The navbar collapses into its vertical mobile view when the viewport is narrower than @grid-float-breakpoint, and expands into its horizontal non-mobile view when the viewport is at least @grid-float-breakpoint in width. Adjust this variable in the Less source to control when the navbar collapses/expands. The default value is 768px (the smallest "small" or "tablet" screen).
Make navbars accessible
Be sure to use a <nav> element or, if using a more generic element such as a <div>, add a role="navigation" to every navbar to explicitly identify it as a landmark region for users of assistive technologies.
Replace the navbar brand with your own image by swapping the text for an <img>. Since the .navbar-brand has its own padding and height, you may need to override some CSS depending on your image.
Place form content within .navbar-form for proper vertical alignment and collapsed behavior in narrow viewports. Use the alignment options to decide where it resides within the navbar content.
As a heads up, .navbar-form shares much of its code with .form-inline via mixin. Some form controls, like input groups, may require fixed widths to be show up properly within a navbar.
There are some caveats regarding using form controls within fixed elements on mobile devices. See our browser support docs for details.
Always add labels
Screen readers will have trouble with your forms if you don't include a label for every input. For these inline forms, you can hide the labels using the .sr-only class. There are further alternative methods of providing a label for assistive technologies, such as the aria-label, aria-labelledby or title attribute. If none of these is present, screen readers may resort to using the placeholder attribute, if present, but note that use of placeholder as a replacement for other labelling methods is not advised.
Buttons
Add the .navbar-btn class to <button> elements not residing in a <form> to vertically center them in the navbar.
Like the standard button classes, .navbar-btn can be used on <a> and <input> elements. However, neither .navbar-btn nor the standard button classes should be used on <a> elements within .navbar-nav.
Text
Wrap strings of text in an element with .navbar-text, usually on a <p> tag for proper leading and color.
<pclass="navbar-text">Signed in as Mark Otto</p>
Non-nav links
For folks using standard links that are not within the regular navbar navigation component, use the .navbar-link class to add the proper colors for the default and inverse navbar options.
<pclass="navbar-text navbar-right">Signed in as <ahref="#"class="navbar-link">Mark Otto</a></p>
Component alignment
Align nav links, forms, buttons, or text, using the .navbar-left or .navbar-right utility classes. Both classes will add a CSS float in the specified direction. For example, to align nav links, put them in a separate <ul> with the respective utility class applied.
These classes are mixin-ed versions of .pull-left and .pull-right, but they're scoped to media queries for easier handling of navbar components across device sizes.
Right aligning multiple components
Navbars currently have a limitation with multiple .navbar-right classes. To properly space content, we use negative margin on the last .navbar-right element. When there are multiple elements using that class, these margins don't work as intended.
We'll revisit this when we can rewrite that component in v4.
Fixed to top
Add .navbar-fixed-top and include a .container or .container-fluid to center and pad navbar content.
The fixed navbar will overlay your other content, unless you add padding to the top of the <body>. Try out your own values or use our snippet below. Tip: By default, the navbar is 50px high.
body{padding-top:70px;}
Make sure to include this after the core Bootstrap CSS.
Fixed to bottom
Add .navbar-fixed-bottom and include a .container or .container-fluid to center and pad navbar content.
The fixed navbar will overlay your other content, unless you add padding to the bottom of the <body>. Try out your own values or use our snippet below. Tip: By default, the navbar is 50px high.
body{padding-bottom:70px;}
Make sure to include this after the core Bootstrap CSS.
Static top
Create a full-width navbar that scrolls away with the page by adding .navbar-static-top and include a .container or .container-fluid to center and pad navbar content.
Unlike the .navbar-fixed-* classes, you do not need to change any padding on the body.
Provide pagination links for your site or app with the multi-page pagination component, or the simpler pager alternative.
Default pagination
Simple pagination inspired by Rdio, great for apps and search results. The large block is hard to miss, easily scalable, and provides large click areas.
The pagination component should be wrapped in a <nav> element to identify it as a navigation section to screen readers and other assistive technologies. In addition, as a page is likely to have more than one such navigation section already (such as the primary navigation in the header, or a sidebar navigation), it is advisable to provide a descriptive aria-label for the <nav> which reflects its purpose. For example, if the pagination component is used to navigate between a set of search results, an appropriate label could be aria-label="Search results pages".
Disabled and active states
Links are customizable for different circumstances. Use .disabled for unclickable links and .active to indicate the current page.
We recommend that you swap out active or disabled anchors for <span>, or omit the anchor in the case of the previous/next arrows, to remove click functionality while retaining intended styles.
Rendering problems can arise when you have dozens of inline labels within a narrow container, each containing its own inline-block element (like an icon). The way around this is setting display: inline-block;. For context and an example, see #13219.
Badges
Easily highlight new or unread items by adding a <span class="badge"> to links, Bootstrap navs, and more.
A simple shell for an h1 to appropriately space out and segment sections of content on a page. It can utilize the h1's default small element, as well as most other components (with additional styles).
Example page header Subtext for header
<divclass="page-header">
- <h1>Example page header <small>Subtext for header</small></h1>
-</div>
Thumbnails
Extend Bootstrap's grid system with the thumbnail component to easily display grids of images, videos, text, and more.
If you're looking for Pinterest-like presentation of thumbnails of varying heights and/or widths, you'll need to use a third-party plugin such as Masonry, Isotope, or Salvattore.
Default example
By default, Bootstrap's thumbnails are designed to showcase linked images with minimal required markup.
With a bit of extra markup, it's possible to add any kind of HTML content like headings, paragraphs, or buttons into thumbnails.
Thumbnail label
Cras justo odio, dapibus ac facilisis in, egestas eget quam. Donec id elit non mi porta gravida at eget metus. Nullam id dolor id nibh ultricies vehicula ut id elit.
Cras justo odio, dapibus ac facilisis in, egestas eget quam. Donec id elit non mi porta gravida at eget metus. Nullam id dolor id nibh ultricies vehicula ut id elit.
Cras justo odio, dapibus ac facilisis in, egestas eget quam. Donec id elit non mi porta gravida at eget metus. Nullam id dolor id nibh ultricies vehicula ut id elit.
Provide contextual feedback messages for typical user actions with the handful of available and flexible alert messages.
Examples
Wrap any text and an optional dismiss button in .alert and one of the four contextual classes (e.g., .alert-success) for basic alert messages.
No default class
Alerts don't have default classes, only base and modifier classes. A default gray alert doesn't make too much sense, so you're required to specify a type via contextual class. Choose from success, info, warning, or danger.
Well done! You successfully read this important alert message.
Heads up! This alert needs your attention, but it's not super important.
Warning! Better check yourself, you're not looking too good.
Oh snap! Change a few things up and try submitting again.
Provide up-to-date feedback on the progress of a workflow or action with simple yet flexible progress bars.
Cross-browser compatibility
Progress bars use CSS3 transitions and animations to achieve some of their effects. These features are not supported in Internet Explorer 9 and below or older versions of Firefox. Opera 12 does not support animations.
Content Security Policy (CSP) compatibility
If your website has a Content Security Policy (CSP) which doesn't allow style-src 'unsafe-inline', then you won't be able to use inline style attributes to set progress bar widths as shown in our examples below. Alternative methods for setting the widths that are compatible with strict CSPs include using a little custom JavaScript (that sets element.style.width) or using custom CSS classes.
Abstract object styles for building various types of components (like blog comments, Tweets, etc) that feature a left- or right-aligned image alongside textual content.
Default media
The default media displays a media object (images, video, audio) to the left or right of a content block.
Media heading
Cras sit amet nibh libero, in gravida nulla. Nulla vel metus scelerisque ante sollicitudin commodo. Cras purus odio, vestibulum in vulputate at, tempus viverra turpis. Fusce condimentum nunc ac nisi vulputate fringilla. Donec lacinia congue felis in faucibus.
Media heading
Cras sit amet nibh libero, in gravida nulla. Nulla vel metus scelerisque ante sollicitudin commodo. Cras purus odio, vestibulum in vulputate at, tempus viverra turpis. Fusce condimentum nunc ac nisi vulputate fringilla. Donec lacinia congue felis in faucibus.
Nested media heading
Cras sit amet nibh libero, in gravida nulla. Nulla vel metus scelerisque ante sollicitudin commodo. Cras purus odio, vestibulum in vulputate at, tempus viverra turpis. Fusce condimentum nunc ac nisi vulputate fringilla. Donec lacinia congue felis in faucibus.
Media heading
Cras sit amet nibh libero, in gravida nulla. Nulla vel metus scelerisque ante sollicitudin commodo. Cras purus odio, vestibulum in vulputate at, tempus viverra turpis.
Media heading
Cras sit amet nibh libero, in gravida nulla. Nulla vel metus scelerisque ante sollicitudin commodo. Cras purus odio, vestibulum in vulputate at, tempus viverra turpis.
The classes .pull-left and .pull-right also exist and were previously used as part of the media component, but are deprecated for that use as of v3.3.0. They are approximately equivalent to .media-left and .media-right, except that .media-right should be placed after the .media-body in the html.
Media alignment
The images or other media can be aligned top, middle, or bottom. The default is top aligned.
Top aligned media
Cras sit amet nibh libero, in gravida nulla. Nulla vel metus scelerisque ante sollicitudin commodo. Cras purus odio, vestibulum in vulputate at, tempus viverra turpis. Fusce condimentum nunc ac nisi vulputate fringilla. Donec lacinia congue felis in faucibus.
Donec sed odio dui. Nullam quis risus eget urna mollis ornare vel eu leo. Cum sociis natoque penatibus et magnis dis parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus.
Middle aligned media
Cras sit amet nibh libero, in gravida nulla. Nulla vel metus scelerisque ante sollicitudin commodo. Cras purus odio, vestibulum in vulputate at, tempus viverra turpis. Fusce condimentum nunc ac nisi vulputate fringilla. Donec lacinia congue felis in faucibus.
Donec sed odio dui. Nullam quis risus eget urna mollis ornare vel eu leo. Cum sociis natoque penatibus et magnis dis parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus.
Bottom aligned media
Cras sit amet nibh libero, in gravida nulla. Nulla vel metus scelerisque ante sollicitudin commodo. Cras purus odio, vestibulum in vulputate at, tempus viverra turpis. Fusce condimentum nunc ac nisi vulputate fringilla. Donec lacinia congue felis in faucibus.
Donec sed odio dui. Nullam quis risus eget urna mollis ornare vel eu leo. Cum sociis natoque penatibus et magnis dis parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus.
With a bit of extra markup, you can use media inside list (useful for comment threads or articles lists).
Media heading
Cras sit amet nibh libero, in gravida nulla. Nulla vel metus scelerisque ante sollicitudin commodo. Cras purus odio, vestibulum in vulputate at, tempus viverra turpis.
Nested media heading
Cras sit amet nibh libero, in gravida nulla. Nulla vel metus scelerisque ante sollicitudin commodo. Cras purus odio, vestibulum in vulputate at, tempus viverra turpis.
Nested media heading
Cras sit amet nibh libero, in gravida nulla. Nulla vel metus scelerisque ante sollicitudin commodo. Cras purus odio, vestibulum in vulputate at, tempus viverra turpis.
Nested media heading
Cras sit amet nibh libero, in gravida nulla. Nulla vel metus scelerisque ante sollicitudin commodo. Cras purus odio, vestibulum in vulputate at, tempus viverra turpis.
List groups are a flexible and powerful component for displaying not only simple lists of elements, but complex ones with custom content.
Basic example
The most basic list group is simply an unordered list with list items, and the proper classes. Build upon it with the options that follow, or your own CSS as needed.
Cras justo odio
Dapibus ac facilisis in
Morbi leo risus
Porta ac consectetur ac
Vestibulum at eros
<ulclass="list-group">
- <liclass="list-group-item">Cras justo odio</li>
- <liclass="list-group-item">Dapibus ac facilisis in</li>
- <liclass="list-group-item">Morbi leo risus</li>
- <liclass="list-group-item">Porta ac consectetur ac</li>
- <liclass="list-group-item">Vestibulum at eros</li>
-</ul>
Badges
Add the badges component to any list group item and it will automatically be positioned on the right.
Linkify list group items by using anchor tags instead of list items (that also means a parent <div> instead of an <ul>). No need for individual parents around each element.
<divclass="list-group">
- <ahref="#"class="list-group-item active">
- Cras justo odio
- </a>
- <ahref="#"class="list-group-item">Dapibus ac facilisis in</a>
- <ahref="#"class="list-group-item">Morbi leo risus</a>
- <ahref="#"class="list-group-item">Porta ac consectetur ac</a>
- <ahref="#"class="list-group-item">Vestibulum at eros</a>
-</div>
Button items
List group items may be buttons instead of list items (that also means a parent <div> instead of an <ul>). No need for individual parents around each element. Don't use the standard .btn classes here.
<divclass="list-group">
- <buttontype="button"class="list-group-item">Cras justo odio</button>
- <buttontype="button"class="list-group-item">Dapibus ac facilisis in</button>
- <buttontype="button"class="list-group-item">Morbi leo risus</button>
- <buttontype="button"class="list-group-item">Porta ac consectetur ac</button>
- <buttontype="button"class="list-group-item">Vestibulum at eros</button>
-</div>
Disabled items
Add .disabled to a .list-group-item to gray it out to appear disabled.
Easily add a heading container to your panel with .panel-heading. You may also include any <h1>-<h6> with a .panel-title class to add a pre-styled heading. However, the font sizes of <h1>-<h6> are overridden by .panel-heading.
For proper link coloring, be sure to place links in headings within .panel-title.
Wrap buttons or secondary text in .panel-footer. Note that panel footers do not inherit colors and borders when using contextual variations as they are not meant to be in the foreground.
Add any non-bordered .table within a panel for a seamless design. If there is a .panel-body, we add an extra border to the top of the table for separation.
Panel heading
Some default panel content here. Nulla vitae elit libero, a pharetra augue. Aenean lacinia bibendum nulla sed consectetur. Aenean eu leo quam. Pellentesque ornare sem lacinia quam venenatis vestibulum. Nullam id dolor id nibh ultricies vehicula ut id elit.
Easily include full-width list groups within any panel.
Panel heading
Some default panel content here. Nulla vitae elit libero, a pharetra augue. Aenean lacinia bibendum nulla sed consectetur. Aenean eu leo quam. Pellentesque ornare sem lacinia quam venenatis vestibulum. Nullam id dolor id nibh ultricies vehicula ut id elit.
Cras justo odio
Dapibus ac facilisis in
Morbi leo risus
Porta ac consectetur ac
Vestibulum at eros
<divclass="panel panel-default">
- <!-- Default panel contents -->
- <divclass="panel-heading">Panel heading</div>
- <divclass="panel-body">
- <p>...</p>
- </div>
-
- <!-- List group -->
- <ulclass="list-group">
- <liclass="list-group-item">Cras justo odio</li>
- <liclass="list-group-item">Dapibus ac facilisis in</li>
- <liclass="list-group-item">Morbi leo risus</li>
- <liclass="list-group-item">Porta ac consectetur ac</li>
- <liclass="list-group-item">Vestibulum at eros</li>
- </ul>
-</div>
Responsive embed
Allow browsers to determine video or slideshow dimensions based on the width of their containing block by creating an intrinsic ratio that will properly scale on any device.
Rules are directly applied to <iframe>, <embed>, <video>, and <object> elements; optionally use an explicit descendant class .embed-responsive-item when you want to match the styling for other attributes.
Pro-Tip! You don't need to include frameborder="0" in your <iframe>s as we override that for you.
Use the well as a simple effect on an element to give it an inset effect.
Look, I'm in a well!
<divclass="well">...</div>
Optional classes
Control padding and rounded corners with two optional modifier classes.
Look, I'm in a large well!
<divclass="well well-lg">...</div>
Look, I'm in a small well!
<divclass="well well-sm">...</div>
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diff --git a/css/index.html b/css/index.html
index 08d49eaf94..e67d880981 100644
--- a/css/index.html
+++ b/css/index.html
@@ -1,1107 +1,10 @@
- CSS · Bootstrap
Global CSS settings, fundamental HTML elements styled and enhanced with extensible classes, and an advanced grid system.
Overview
Get the lowdown on the key pieces of Bootstrap's infrastructure, including our approach to better, faster, stronger web development.
HTML5 doctype
Bootstrap makes use of certain HTML elements and CSS properties that require the use of the HTML5 doctype. Include it at the beginning of all your projects.
<!DOCTYPE html>
-<htmllang="en">
- ...
-</html>
Mobile first
With Bootstrap 2, we added optional mobile friendly styles for key aspects of the framework. With Bootstrap 3, we've rewritten the project to be mobile friendly from the start. Instead of adding on optional mobile styles, they're baked right into the core. In fact, Bootstrap is mobile first. Mobile first styles can be found throughout the entire library instead of in separate files.
To ensure proper rendering and touch zooming, add the viewport meta tag to your <head>.
You can disable zooming capabilities on mobile devices by adding user-scalable=no to the viewport meta tag. This disables zooming, meaning users are only able to scroll, and results in your site feeling a bit more like a native application. Overall, we don't recommend this on every site, so use caution!
Bootstrap requires a containing element to wrap site contents and house our grid system. You may choose one of two containers to use in your projects. Note that, due to padding and more, neither container is nestable.
Use .container for a responsive fixed width container.
<divclass="container">
- ...
-</div>
Use .container-fluid for a full width container, spanning the entire width of your viewport.
<divclass="container-fluid">
- ...
-</div>
Grid system
Bootstrap includes a responsive, mobile first fluid grid system that appropriately scales up to 12 columns as the device or viewport size increases. It includes predefined classes for easy layout options, as well as powerful mixins for generating more semantic layouts.
Introduction
Grid systems are used for creating page layouts through a series of rows and columns that house your content. Here's how the Bootstrap grid system works:
Rows must be placed within a .container (fixed-width) or .container-fluid (full-width) for proper alignment and padding.
Use rows to create horizontal groups of columns.
Content should be placed within columns, and only columns may be immediate children of rows.
Predefined grid classes like .row and .col-xs-4 are available for quickly making grid layouts. Less mixins can also be used for more semantic layouts.
Columns create gutters (gaps between column content) via padding. That padding is offset in rows for the first and last column via negative margin on .rows.
The negative margin is why the examples below are outdented. It's so that content within grid columns is lined up with non-grid content.
Grid columns are created by specifying the number of twelve available columns you wish to span. For example, three equal columns would use three .col-xs-4.
If more than 12 columns are placed within a single row, each group of extra columns will, as one unit, wrap onto a new line.
Grid classes apply to devices with screen widths greater than or equal to the breakpoint sizes, and override grid classes targeted at smaller devices. Therefore, e.g. applying any .col-md-* class to an element will not only affect its styling on medium devices but also on large devices if a .col-lg-* class is not present.
Look to the examples for applying these principles to your code.
Media queries
We use the following media queries in our Less files to create the key breakpoints in our grid system.
/* Extra small devices (phones, less than 768px) */
-/* No media query since this is the default in Bootstrap */
-
-/* Small devices (tablets, 768px and up) */
-@media(min-width:@screen-sm-min){...}
-
-/* Medium devices (desktops, 992px and up) */
-@media(min-width:@screen-md-min){...}
-
-/* Large devices (large desktops, 1200px and up) */
-@media(min-width:@screen-lg-min){...}
We occasionally expand on these media queries to include a max-width to limit CSS to a narrower set of devices.
See how aspects of the Bootstrap grid system work across multiple devices with a handy table.
Extra small devices Phones (<768px)
Small devices Tablets (≥768px)
Medium devices Desktops (≥992px)
Large devices Desktops (≥1200px)
Grid behavior
Horizontal at all times
Collapsed to start, horizontal above breakpoints
Container width
None (auto)
750px
970px
1170px
Class prefix
.col-xs-
.col-sm-
.col-md-
.col-lg-
# of columns
12
Column width
Auto
~62px
~81px
~97px
Gutter width
30px (15px on each side of a column)
Nestable
Yes
Offsets
Yes
Column ordering
Yes
Example: Stacked-to-horizontal
Using a single set of .col-md-* grid classes, you can create a basic grid system that starts out stacked on mobile devices and tablet devices (the extra small to small range) before becoming horizontal on desktop (medium) devices. Place grid columns in any .row.
Don't want your columns to simply stack in smaller devices? Use the extra small and medium device grid classes by adding .col-xs-*.col-md-* to your columns. See the example below for a better idea of how it all works.
.col-xs-12 .col-md-8
.col-xs-6 .col-md-4
.col-xs-6 .col-md-4
.col-xs-6 .col-md-4
.col-xs-6 .col-md-4
.col-xs-6
.col-xs-6
<!-- Stack the columns on mobile by making one full-width and the other half-width -->
-<divclass="row">
- <divclass="col-xs-12 col-md-8">.col-xs-12 .col-md-8</div>
- <divclass="col-xs-6 col-md-4">.col-xs-6 .col-md-4</div>
-</div>
-
-<!-- Columns start at 50% wide on mobile and bump up to 33.3% wide on desktop -->
-<divclass="row">
- <divclass="col-xs-6 col-md-4">.col-xs-6 .col-md-4</div>
- <divclass="col-xs-6 col-md-4">.col-xs-6 .col-md-4</div>
- <divclass="col-xs-6 col-md-4">.col-xs-6 .col-md-4</div>
-</div>
-
-<!-- Columns are always 50% wide, on mobile and desktop -->
-<divclass="row">
- <divclass="col-xs-6">.col-xs-6</div>
- <divclass="col-xs-6">.col-xs-6</div>
-</div>
Example: Mobile, tablet, desktop
Build on the previous example by creating even more dynamic and powerful layouts with tablet .col-sm-* classes.
.col-xs-12 .col-sm-6 .col-md-8
.col-xs-6 .col-md-4
.col-xs-6 .col-sm-4
.col-xs-6 .col-sm-4
.col-xs-6 .col-sm-4
<divclass="row">
- <divclass="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-md-8">.col-xs-12 .col-sm-6 .col-md-8</div>
- <divclass="col-xs-6 col-md-4">.col-xs-6 .col-md-4</div>
-</div>
-<divclass="row">
- <divclass="col-xs-6 col-sm-4">.col-xs-6 .col-sm-4</div>
- <divclass="col-xs-6 col-sm-4">.col-xs-6 .col-sm-4</div>
- <!-- Optional: clear the XS cols if their content doesn't match in height -->
- <divclass="clearfix visible-xs-block"></div>
- <divclass="col-xs-6 col-sm-4">.col-xs-6 .col-sm-4</div>
-</div>
Example: Column wrapping
If more than 12 columns are placed within a single row, each group of extra columns will, as one unit, wrap onto a new line.
.col-xs-9
.col-xs-4 Since 9 + 4 = 13 > 12, this 4-column-wide div gets wrapped onto a new line as one contiguous unit.
.col-xs-6 Subsequent columns continue along the new line.
<divclass="row">
- <divclass="col-xs-9">.col-xs-9</div>
- <divclass="col-xs-4">.col-xs-4<br>Since 9 + 4 = 13 > 12, this 4-column-wide div gets wrapped onto a new line as one contiguous unit.</div>
- <divclass="col-xs-6">.col-xs-6<br>Subsequent columns continue along the new line.</div>
-</div>
Responsive column resets
With the four tiers of grids available you're bound to run into issues where, at certain breakpoints, your columns don't clear quite right as one is taller than the other. To fix that, use a combination of a .clearfix and our responsive utility classes.
.col-xs-6 .col-sm-3 Resize your viewport or check it out on your phone for an example.
.col-xs-6 .col-sm-3
.col-xs-6 .col-sm-3
.col-xs-6 .col-sm-3
<divclass="row">
- <divclass="col-xs-6 col-sm-3">.col-xs-6 .col-sm-3</div>
- <divclass="col-xs-6 col-sm-3">.col-xs-6 .col-sm-3</div>
-
- <!-- Add the extra clearfix for only the required viewport -->
- <divclass="clearfix visible-xs-block"></div>
-
- <divclass="col-xs-6 col-sm-3">.col-xs-6 .col-sm-3</div>
- <divclass="col-xs-6 col-sm-3">.col-xs-6 .col-sm-3</div>
-</div>
In addition to column clearing at responsive breakpoints, you may need to reset offsets, pushes, or pulls. See this in action in the grid example.
Move columns to the right using .col-md-offset-* classes. These classes increase the left margin of a column by * columns. For example, .col-md-offset-4 moves .col-md-4 over four columns.
To nest your content with the default grid, add a new .row and set of .col-sm-* columns within an existing .col-sm-* column. Nested rows should include a set of columns that add up to 12 or fewer (it is not required that you use all 12 available columns).
In addition to prebuilt grid classes for fast layouts, Bootstrap includes Less variables and mixins for quickly generating your own simple, semantic layouts.
Variables
Variables determine the number of columns, the gutter width, and the media query point at which to begin floating columns. We use these to generate the predefined grid classes documented above, as well as for the custom mixins listed below.
Mixins are used in conjunction with the grid variables to generate semantic CSS for individual grid columns.
// Creates a wrapper for a series of columns
-.make-row(@gutter:@grid-gutter-width){
- // Then clear the floated columns
-.clearfix();
-
- @media(min-width:@screen-sm-min){
- margin-left:(@gutter/-2);
- margin-right:(@gutter/-2);
- }
-
- // Negative margin nested rows out to align the content of columns
-.row{
- margin-left:(@gutter/-2);
- margin-right:(@gutter/-2);
- }
-}
-
-// Generate the extra small columns
-.make-xs-column(@columns;@gutter:@grid-gutter-width){
- position:relative;
- // Prevent columns from collapsing when empty
-min-height:1px;
- // Inner gutter via padding
-padding-left:(@gutter/2);
- padding-right:(@gutter/2);
-
- // Calculate width based on number of columns available
-@media(min-width:@grid-float-breakpoint){
- float:left;
- width:percentage((@columns/@grid-columns));
- }
-}
-
-// Generate the small columns
-.make-sm-column(@columns;@gutter:@grid-gutter-width){
- position:relative;
- // Prevent columns from collapsing when empty
-min-height:1px;
- // Inner gutter via padding
-padding-left:(@gutter/2);
- padding-right:(@gutter/2);
-
- // Calculate width based on number of columns available
-@media(min-width:@screen-sm-min){
- float:left;
- width:percentage((@columns/@grid-columns));
- }
-}
-
-// Generate the small column offsets
-.make-sm-column-offset(@columns){
- @media(min-width:@screen-sm-min){
- margin-left:percentage((@columns/@grid-columns));
- }
-}
-.make-sm-column-push(@columns){
- @media(min-width:@screen-sm-min){
- left:percentage((@columns/@grid-columns));
- }
-}
-.make-sm-column-pull(@columns){
- @media(min-width:@screen-sm-min){
- right:percentage((@columns/@grid-columns));
- }
-}
-
-// Generate the medium columns
-.make-md-column(@columns;@gutter:@grid-gutter-width){
- position:relative;
- // Prevent columns from collapsing when empty
-min-height:1px;
- // Inner gutter via padding
-padding-left:(@gutter/2);
- padding-right:(@gutter/2);
-
- // Calculate width based on number of columns available
-@media(min-width:@screen-md-min){
- float:left;
- width:percentage((@columns/@grid-columns));
- }
-}
-
-// Generate the medium column offsets
-.make-md-column-offset(@columns){
- @media(min-width:@screen-md-min){
- margin-left:percentage((@columns/@grid-columns));
- }
-}
-.make-md-column-push(@columns){
- @media(min-width:@screen-md-min){
- left:percentage((@columns/@grid-columns));
- }
-}
-.make-md-column-pull(@columns){
- @media(min-width:@screen-md-min){
- right:percentage((@columns/@grid-columns));
- }
-}
-
-// Generate the large columns
-.make-lg-column(@columns;@gutter:@grid-gutter-width){
- position:relative;
- // Prevent columns from collapsing when empty
-min-height:1px;
- // Inner gutter via padding
-padding-left:(@gutter/2);
- padding-right:(@gutter/2);
-
- // Calculate width based on number of columns available
-@media(min-width:@screen-lg-min){
- float:left;
- width:percentage((@columns/@grid-columns));
- }
-}
-
-// Generate the large column offsets
-.make-lg-column-offset(@columns){
- @media(min-width:@screen-lg-min){
- margin-left:percentage((@columns/@grid-columns));
- }
-}
-.make-lg-column-push(@columns){
- @media(min-width:@screen-lg-min){
- left:percentage((@columns/@grid-columns));
- }
-}
-.make-lg-column-pull(@columns){
- @media(min-width:@screen-lg-min){
- right:percentage((@columns/@grid-columns));
- }
-}
Example usage
You can modify the variables to your own custom values, or just use the mixins with their default values. Here's an example of using the default settings to create a two-column layout with a gap between.
All HTML headings, <h1> through <h6>, are available. .h1 through .h6 classes are also available, for when you want to match the font styling of a heading but still want your text to be displayed inline.
Bootstrap's global default font-size is 14px, with a line-height of 1.428. This is applied to the <body> and all paragraphs. In addition, <p> (paragraphs) receive a bottom margin of half their computed line-height (10px by default).
Nullam quis risus eget urna mollis ornare vel eu leo. Cum sociis natoque penatibus et magnis dis parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. Nullam id dolor id nibh ultricies vehicula.
Cum sociis natoque penatibus et magnis dis parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. Donec ullamcorper nulla non metus auctor fringilla. Duis mollis, est non commodo luctus, nisi erat porttitor ligula, eget lacinia odio sem nec elit. Donec ullamcorper nulla non metus auctor fringilla.
Maecenas sed diam eget risus varius blandit sit amet non magna. Donec id elit non mi porta gravida at eget metus. Duis mollis, est non commodo luctus, nisi erat porttitor ligula, eget lacinia odio sem nec elit.
<p>...</p>
Lead body copy
Make a paragraph stand out by adding .lead.
Vivamus sagittis lacus vel augue laoreet rutrum faucibus dolor auctor. Duis mollis, est non commodo luctus.
<pclass="lead">...</p>
Built with Less
The typographic scale is based on two Less variables in variables.less: @font-size-base and @line-height-base. The first is the base font-size used throughout and the second is the base line-height. We use those variables and some simple math to create the margins, paddings, and line-heights of all our type and more. Customize them and Bootstrap adapts.
Inline text elements
Marked text
For highlighting a run of text due to its relevance in another context, use the <mark> tag.
You can use the mark tag to highlight text.
You can use the mark tag to <mark>highlight</mark> text.
Deleted text
For indicating blocks of text that have been deleted use the <del> tag.
This line of text is meant to be treated as deleted text.
<del>This line of text is meant to be treated as deleted text.</del>
Strikethrough text
For indicating blocks of text that are no longer relevant use the <s> tag.
This line of text is meant to be treated as no longer accurate.
<s>This line of text is meant to be treated as no longer accurate.</s>
Inserted text
For indicating additions to the document use the <ins> tag.
This line of text is meant to be treated as an addition to the document.
<ins>This line of text is meant to be treated as an addition to the document.</ins>
Underlined text
To underline text use the <u> tag.
This line of text will render as underlined
<u>This line of text will render as underlined</u>
Make use of HTML's default emphasis tags with lightweight styles.
Small text
For de-emphasizing inline or blocks of text, use the <small> tag to set text at 85% the size of the parent. Heading elements receive their own font-size for nested <small> elements.
You may alternatively use an inline element with .small in place of any <small>.
This line of text is meant to be treated as fine print.
<small>This line of text is meant to be treated as fine print.</small>
Bold
For emphasizing a snippet of text with a heavier font-weight.
The following snippet of text is rendered as bold text.
<strong>rendered as bold text</strong>
Italics
For emphasizing a snippet of text with italics.
The following snippet of text is rendered as italicized text.
<em>rendered as italicized text</em>
Alternate elements
Feel free to use <b> and <i> in HTML5. <b> is meant to highlight words or phrases without conveying additional importance while <i> is mostly for voice, technical terms, etc.
Alignment classes
Easily realign text to components with text alignment classes.
Stylized implementation of HTML's <abbr> element for abbreviations and acronyms to show the expanded version on hover. Abbreviations with a title attribute have a light dotted bottom border and a help cursor on hover, providing additional context on hover and to users of assistive technologies.
Basic abbreviation
An abbreviation of the word attribute is attr.
<abbrtitle="attribute">attr</abbr>
Initialism
Add .initialism to an abbreviation for a slightly smaller font-size.
Present contact information for the nearest ancestor or the entire body of work. Preserve formatting by ending all lines with <br>.
Twitter, Inc. 1355 Market Street, Suite 900 San Francisco, CA 94103 P: (123) 456-7890 Full Name first.last@example.com
<address>
- <strong>Twitter, Inc.</strong><br>
- 1355 Market Street, Suite 900<br>
- San Francisco, CA 94103<br>
- <abbrtitle="Phone">P:</abbr> (123) 456-7890
-</address>
-
-<address>
- <strong>Full Name</strong><br>
- <ahref="mailto:#">first.last@example.com</a>
-</address>
Blockquotes
For quoting blocks of content from another source within your document.
Default blockquote
Wrap <blockquote> around any HTML as the quote. For straight quotes, we recommend a <p>.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Integer posuere erat a ante.
<blockquote>
- <p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Integer posuere erat a ante.</p>
-</blockquote>
Blockquote options
Style and content changes for simple variations on a standard <blockquote>.
Naming a source
Add a <footer> for identifying the source. Wrap the name of the source work in <cite>.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Integer posuere erat a ante.
<blockquote>
- <p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Integer posuere erat a ante.</p>
- <footer>Someone famous in <citetitle="Source Title">Source Title</cite></footer>
-</blockquote>
Alternate displays
Add .blockquote-reverse for a blockquote with right-aligned content.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Integer posuere erat a ante.
A list of items in which the order does not explicitly matter.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet
Consectetur adipiscing elit
Integer molestie lorem at massa
Facilisis in pretium nisl aliquet
Nulla volutpat aliquam velit
Phasellus iaculis neque
Purus sodales ultricies
Vestibulum laoreet porttitor sem
Ac tristique libero volutpat at
Faucibus porta lacus fringilla vel
Aenean sit amet erat nunc
Eget porttitor lorem
<ul>
- <li>...</li>
-</ul>
Ordered
A list of items in which the order does explicitly matter.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet
Consectetur adipiscing elit
Integer molestie lorem at massa
Facilisis in pretium nisl aliquet
Nulla volutpat aliquam velit
Faucibus porta lacus fringilla vel
Aenean sit amet erat nunc
Eget porttitor lorem
<ol>
- <li>...</li>
-</ol>
Unstyled
Remove the default list-style and left margin on list items (immediate children only). This only applies to immediate children list items, meaning you will need to add the class for any nested lists as well.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet
Consectetur adipiscing elit
Integer molestie lorem at massa
Facilisis in pretium nisl aliquet
Nulla volutpat aliquam velit
Phasellus iaculis neque
Purus sodales ultricies
Vestibulum laoreet porttitor sem
Ac tristique libero volutpat at
Faucibus porta lacus fringilla vel
Aenean sit amet erat nunc
Eget porttitor lorem
<ulclass="list-unstyled">
- <li>...</li>
-</ul>
Inline
Place all list items on a single line with display: inline-block; and some light padding.
Lorem ipsum
Phasellus iaculis
Nulla volutpat
<ulclass="list-inline">
- <li>...</li>
-</ul>
Description
A list of terms with their associated descriptions.
Description lists
A description list is perfect for defining terms.
Euismod
Vestibulum id ligula porta felis euismod semper eget lacinia odio sem nec elit.
Donec id elit non mi porta gravida at eget metus.
Malesuada porta
Etiam porta sem malesuada magna mollis euismod.
<dl>
- <dt>...</dt>
- <dd>...</dd>
-</dl>
Horizontal description
Make terms and descriptions in <dl> line up side-by-side. Starts off stacked like default <dl>s, but when the navbar expands, so do these.
Description lists
A description list is perfect for defining terms.
Euismod
Vestibulum id ligula porta felis euismod semper eget lacinia odio sem nec elit.
Donec id elit non mi porta gravida at eget metus.
Malesuada porta
Etiam porta sem malesuada magna mollis euismod.
Felis euismod semper eget lacinia
Fusce dapibus, tellus ac cursus commodo, tortor mauris condimentum nibh, ut fermentum massa justo sit amet risus.
Horizontal description lists will truncate terms that are too long to fit in the left column with text-overflow. In narrower viewports, they will change to the default stacked layout.
Code
Inline
Wrap inline snippets of code with <code>.
For example, <section> should be wrapped as inline.
For example, <code><section></code> should be wrapped as inline.
User input
Use the <kbd> to indicate input that is typically entered via keyboard.
To switch directories, type cd followed by the name of the directory. To edit settings, press ctrl + ,
To switch directories, type <kbd>cd</kbd> followed by the name of the directory.<br>
-To edit settings, press <kbd><kbd>ctrl</kbd> + <kbd>,</kbd></kbd>
Basic block
Use <pre> for multiple lines of code. Be sure to escape any angle brackets in the code for proper rendering.
<p>Sample text here...</p>
<pre><p>Sample text here...</p></pre>
You may optionally add the .pre-scrollable class, which will set a max-height of 350px and provide a y-axis scrollbar.
For indicating blocks sample output from a program use the <samp> tag.
This text is meant to be treated as sample output from a computer program.
<samp>This text is meant to be treated as sample output from a computer program.</samp>
Tables
Basic example
For basic styling—light padding and only horizontal dividers—add the base class .table to any <table>. It may seem super redundant, but given the widespread use of tables for other plugins like calendars and date pickers, we've opted to isolate our custom table styles.
Optional table caption.
#
First Name
Last Name
Username
1
Mark
Otto
@mdo
2
Jacob
Thornton
@fat
3
Larry
the Bird
@twitter
<tableclass="table">
- ...
-</table>
Striped rows
Use .table-striped to add zebra-striping to any table row within the <tbody>.
Cross-browser compatibility
Striped tables are styled via the :nth-child CSS selector, which is not available in Internet Explorer 8.
Use contextual classes to color table rows or individual cells.
Class
Description
.active
Applies the hover color to a particular row or cell
.success
Indicates a successful or positive action
.info
Indicates a neutral informative change or action
.warning
Indicates a warning that might need attention
.danger
Indicates a dangerous or potentially negative action
#
Column heading
Column heading
Column heading
1
Column content
Column content
Column content
2
Column content
Column content
Column content
3
Column content
Column content
Column content
4
Column content
Column content
Column content
5
Column content
Column content
Column content
6
Column content
Column content
Column content
7
Column content
Column content
Column content
8
Column content
Column content
Column content
9
Column content
Column content
Column content
<!-- On rows -->
-<trclass="active">...</tr>
-<trclass="success">...</tr>
-<trclass="warning">...</tr>
-<trclass="danger">...</tr>
-<trclass="info">...</tr>
-
-<!-- On cells (`td` or `th`) -->
-<tr>
- <tdclass="active">...</td>
- <tdclass="success">...</td>
- <tdclass="warning">...</td>
- <tdclass="danger">...</td>
- <tdclass="info">...</td>
-</tr>
Conveying meaning to assistive technologies
Using color to add meaning to a table row or individual cell only provides a visual indication, which will not be conveyed to users of assistive technologies – such as screen readers. Ensure that information denoted by the color is either obvious from the content itself (the visible text in the relevant table row/cell), or is included through alternative means, such as additional text hidden with the .sr-only class.
Responsive tables
Create responsive tables by wrapping any .table in .table-responsive to make them scroll horizontally on small devices (under 768px). When viewing on anything larger than 768px wide, you will not see any difference in these tables.
Vertical clipping/truncation
Responsive tables make use of overflow-y: hidden, which clips off any content that goes beyond the bottom or top edges of the table. In particular, this can clip off dropdown menus and other third-party widgets.
Firefox and fieldsets
Firefox has some awkward fieldset styling involving width that interferes with the responsive table. This cannot be overridden without a Firefox-specific hack that we don't provide in Bootstrap:
Individual form controls automatically receive some global styling. All textual <input>, <textarea>, and <select> elements with .form-control are set to width: 100%; by default. Wrap labels and controls in .form-group for optimum spacing.
Do not mix form groups directly with input groups. Instead, nest the input group inside of the form group.
Inline form
Add .form-inline to your form (which doesn't have to be a <form>) for left-aligned and inline-block controls. This only applies to forms within viewports that are at least 768px wide.
May require custom widths
Inputs and selects have width: 100%; applied by default in Bootstrap. Within inline forms, we reset that to width: auto; so multiple controls can reside on the same line. Depending on your layout, additional custom widths may be required.
Always add labels
Screen readers will have trouble with your forms if you don't include a label for every input. For these inline forms, you can hide the labels using the .sr-only class. There are further alternative methods of providing a label for assistive technologies, such as the aria-label, aria-labelledby or title attribute. If none of these is present, screen readers may resort to using the placeholder attribute, if present, but note that use of placeholder as a replacement for other labelling methods is not advised.
Use Bootstrap's predefined grid classes to align labels and groups of form controls in a horizontal layout by adding .form-horizontal to the form (which doesn't have to be a <form>). Doing so changes .form-groups to behave as grid rows, so no need for .row.
Examples of standard form controls supported in an example form layout.
Inputs
Most common form control, text-based input fields. Includes support for all HTML5 types: text, password, datetime, datetime-local, date, month, time, week, number, email, url, search, tel, and color.
Type declaration required
Inputs will only be fully styled if their type is properly declared.
Form control which supports multiple lines of text. Change rows attribute as necessary.
<textareaclass="form-control"rows="3"></textarea>
Checkboxes and radios
Checkboxes are for selecting one or several options in a list, while radios are for selecting one option from many.
Disabled checkboxes and radios are supported, but to provide a "not-allowed" cursor on hover of the parent <label>, you'll need to add the .disabled class to the parent .radio, .radio-inline, .checkbox, or .checkbox-inline.
Default (stacked)
<divclass="checkbox">
- <label>
- <inputtype="checkbox"value="">
- Option one is this and that—be sure to include why it's great
- </label>
-</div>
-<divclass="checkbox disabled">
- <label>
- <inputtype="checkbox"value=""disabled>
- Option two is disabled
- </label>
-</div>
-
-<divclass="radio">
- <label>
- <inputtype="radio"name="optionsRadios"id="optionsRadios1"value="option1"checked>
- Option one is this and that—be sure to include why it's great
- </label>
-</div>
-<divclass="radio">
- <label>
- <inputtype="radio"name="optionsRadios"id="optionsRadios2"value="option2">
- Option two can be something else and selecting it will deselect option one
- </label>
-</div>
-<divclass="radio disabled">
- <label>
- <inputtype="radio"name="optionsRadios"id="optionsRadios3"value="option3"disabled>
- Option three is disabled
- </label>
-</div>
Inline checkboxes and radios
Use the .checkbox-inline or .radio-inline classes on a series of checkboxes or radios for controls that appear on the same line.
Should you have no text within the <label>, the input is positioned as you'd expect. Currently only works on non-inline checkboxes and radios. Remember to still provide some form of label for assistive technologies (for instance, using aria-label).
Add the disabled attribute to a <fieldset> to disable all the controls within the <fieldset> at once.
Caveat about link functionality of <a>
By default, browsers will treat all native form controls (<input>, <select> and <button> elements) inside a <fieldset disabled> as disabled, preventing both keyboard and mouse interactions on them. However, if your form also includes <a ... class="btn btn-*"> elements, these will only be given a style of pointer-events: none. As noted in the section about disabled state for buttons (and specifically in the sub-section for anchor elements), this CSS property is not yet standardized and isn't fully supported in Opera 18 and below, or in Internet Explorer 11, and won't prevent keyboard users from being able to focus or activate these links. So to be safe, use custom JavaScript to disable such links.
Cross-browser compatibility
While Bootstrap will apply these styles in all browsers, Internet Explorer 11 and below don't fully support the disabled attribute on a <fieldset>. Use custom JavaScript to disable the fieldset in these browsers.
Add the readonly boolean attribute on an input to prevent modification of the input's value. Read-only inputs appear lighter (just like disabled inputs), but retain the standard cursor.
Help text should be explicitly associated with the form control it relates to using the aria-describedby attribute. This will ensure that assistive technologies – such as screen readers – will announce this help text when the user focuses or enters the control.
<labelclass="sr-only"for="inputHelpBlock">Input with help text</label>
-<inputtype="text"id="inputHelpBlock"class="form-control"aria-describedby="helpBlock">
-...
-<spanid="helpBlock"class="help-block">A block of help text that breaks onto a new line and may extend beyond one line.</span>
Validation states
Bootstrap includes validation styles for error, warning, and success states on form controls. To use, add .has-warning, .has-error, or .has-success to the parent element. Any .control-label, .form-control, and .help-block within that element will receive the validation styles.
Conveying validation state to assistive technologies and colorblind users
Using these validation styles to denote the state of a form control only provides a visual, color-based indication, which will not be conveyed to users of assistive technologies - such as screen readers - or to colorblind users.
Ensure that an alternative indication of state is also provided. For instance, you can include a hint about state in the form control's <label> text itself (as is the case in the following code example), include a Glyphicon (with appropriate alternative text using the .sr-only class - see the Glyphicon examples), or by providing an additional help text block. Specifically for assistive technologies, invalid form controls can also be assigned an aria-invalid="true" attribute.
<divclass="form-group has-success">
- <labelclass="control-label"for="inputSuccess1">Input with success</label>
- <inputtype="text"class="form-control"id="inputSuccess1"aria-describedby="helpBlock2">
- <spanid="helpBlock2"class="help-block">A block of help text that breaks onto a new line and may extend beyond one line.</span>
-</div>
-<divclass="form-group has-warning">
- <labelclass="control-label"for="inputWarning1">Input with warning</label>
- <inputtype="text"class="form-control"id="inputWarning1">
-</div>
-<divclass="form-group has-error">
- <labelclass="control-label"for="inputError1">Input with error</label>
- <inputtype="text"class="form-control"id="inputError1">
-</div>
-<divclass="has-success">
- <divclass="checkbox">
- <label>
- <inputtype="checkbox"id="checkboxSuccess"value="option1">
- Checkbox with success
- </label>
- </div>
-</div>
-<divclass="has-warning">
- <divclass="checkbox">
- <label>
- <inputtype="checkbox"id="checkboxWarning"value="option1">
- Checkbox with warning
- </label>
- </div>
-</div>
-<divclass="has-error">
- <divclass="checkbox">
- <label>
- <inputtype="checkbox"id="checkboxError"value="option1">
- Checkbox with error
- </label>
- </div>
-</div>
With optional icons
You can also add optional feedback icons with the addition of .has-feedback and the right icon.
Feedback icons only work with textual <input class="form-control"> elements.
Icons, labels, and input groups
Manual positioning of feedback icons is required for inputs without a label and for input groups with an add-on on the right. You are strongly encouraged to provide labels for all inputs for accessibility reasons. If you wish to prevent labels from being displayed, hide them with the .sr-only class. If you must do without labels, adjust the top value of the feedback icon. For input groups, adjust the right value to an appropriate pixel value depending on the width of your addon.
Conveying the icon's meaning to assistive technologies
To ensure that assistive technologies – such as screen readers – correctly convey the meaning of an icon, additional hidden text should be included with the .sr-only class and explicitly associated with the form control it relates to using aria-describedby. Alternatively, ensure that the meaning (for instance, the fact that there is a warning for a particular text entry field) is conveyed in some other form, such as changing the text of the actual <label> associated with the form control.
Although the following examples already mention the validation state of their respective form controls in the <label> text itself, the above technique (using .sr-only text and aria-describedby) has been included for illustrative purposes.
If you use the .sr-only class to hide a form control's <label> (rather than using other labelling options, such as the aria-label attribute), Bootstrap will automatically adjust the position of the icon once it's been added.
While button classes can be used on <a> and <button> elements, only <button> elements are supported within our nav and navbar components.
Links acting as buttons
If the <a> elements are used to act as buttons – triggering in-page functionality, rather than navigating to another document or section within the current page – they should also be given an appropriate role="button".
Cross-browser rendering
As a best practice, we highly recommend using the <button> element whenever possible to ensure matching cross-browser rendering.
Among other things, there's a bug in Firefox <30 that prevents us from setting the line-height of <input>-based buttons, causing them to not exactly match the height of other buttons on Firefox.
Options
Use any of the available button classes to quickly create a styled button.
<!-- Standard button -->
-<buttontype="button"class="btn btn-default">Default</button>
-
-<!-- Provides extra visual weight and identifies the primary action in a set of buttons -->
-<buttontype="button"class="btn btn-primary">Primary</button>
-
-<!-- Indicates a successful or positive action -->
-<buttontype="button"class="btn btn-success">Success</button>
-
-<!-- Contextual button for informational alert messages -->
-<buttontype="button"class="btn btn-info">Info</button>
-
-<!-- Indicates caution should be taken with this action -->
-<buttontype="button"class="btn btn-warning">Warning</button>
-
-<!-- Indicates a dangerous or potentially negative action -->
-<buttontype="button"class="btn btn-danger">Danger</button>
-
-<!-- Deemphasize a button by making it look like a link while maintaining button behavior -->
-<buttontype="button"class="btn btn-link">Link</button>
Conveying meaning to assistive technologies
Using color to add meaning to a button only provides a visual indication, which will not be conveyed to users of assistive technologies – such as screen readers. Ensure that information denoted by the color is either obvious from the content itself (the visible text of the button), or is included through alternative means, such as additional text hidden with the .sr-only class.
Sizes
Fancy larger or smaller buttons? Add .btn-lg, .btn-sm, or .btn-xs for additional sizes.
Buttons will appear pressed (with a darker background, darker border, and inset shadow) when active. For <button> elements, this is done via :active. For <a> elements, it's done with .active. However, you may use .active on <button>s (and include the aria-pressed="true" attribute) should you need to replicate the active state programmatically.
Button element
No need to add :active as it's a pseudo-class, but if you need to force the same appearance, go ahead and add .active.
We use .disabled as a utility class here, similar to the common .active class, so no prefix is required.
Link functionality caveat
This class uses pointer-events: none to try to disable the link functionality of <a>s, but that CSS property is not yet standardized and isn't fully supported in Opera 18 and below, or in Internet Explorer 11. In addition, even in browsers that do support pointer-events: none, keyboard navigation remains unaffected, meaning that sighted keyboard users and users of assistive technologies will still be able to activate these links. So to be safe, use custom JavaScript to disable such links.
Images
Responsive images
Images in Bootstrap 3 can be made responsive-friendly via the addition of the .img-responsive class. This applies max-width: 100%;, height: auto; and display: block; to the image so that it scales nicely to the parent element.
To center images which use the .img-responsive class, use .center-block instead of .text-center. See the helper classes section for more details about .center-block usage.
SVG images and IE 8-10
In Internet Explorer 8-10, SVG images with .img-responsive are disproportionately sized. To fix this, add width: 100% \9; where necessary. Bootstrap doesn't apply this automatically as it causes complications to other image formats.
Convey meaning through color with a handful of emphasis utility classes. These may also be applied to links and will darken on hover just like our default link styles.
Fusce dapibus, tellus ac cursus commodo, tortor mauris nibh.
Nullam id dolor id nibh ultricies vehicula ut id elit.
Duis mollis, est non commodo luctus, nisi erat porttitor ligula.
Maecenas sed diam eget risus varius blandit sit amet non magna.
Etiam porta sem malesuada magna mollis euismod.
Donec ullamcorper nulla non metus auctor fringilla.
Sometimes emphasis classes cannot be applied due to the specificity of another selector. In most cases, a sufficient workaround is to wrap your text in a <span> with the class.
Conveying meaning to assistive technologies
Using color to add meaning only provides a visual indication, which will not be conveyed to users of assistive technologies – such as screen readers. Ensure that information denoted by the color is either obvious from the content itself (the contextual colors are only used to reinforce meaning that is already present in the text/markup), or is included through alternative means, such as additional text hidden with the .sr-only class.
Contextual backgrounds
Similar to the contextual text color classes, easily set the background of an element to any contextual class. Anchor components will darken on hover, just like the text classes.
Nullam id dolor id nibh ultricies vehicula ut id elit.
Duis mollis, est non commodo luctus, nisi erat porttitor ligula.
Maecenas sed diam eget risus varius blandit sit amet non magna.
Etiam porta sem malesuada magna mollis euismod.
Donec ullamcorper nulla non metus auctor fringilla.
Sometimes contextual background classes cannot be applied due to the specificity of another selector. In some cases, a sufficient workaround is to wrap your element's content in a <div> with the class.
Conveying meaning to assistive technologies
As with contextual colors, ensure that any meaning conveyed through color is also conveyed in a format that is not purely presentational.
Close icon
Use the generic close icon for dismissing content like modals and alerts.
To align components in navbars with utility classes, use .navbar-left or .navbar-right instead. See the navbar docs for details.
Center content blocks
Set an element to display: block and center via margin. Available as a mixin and class.
<divclass="center-block">...</div>
// Class
-.center-block{
- display:block;
- margin-left:auto;
- margin-right:auto;
-}
-
-// Usage as a mixin
-.element{
- .center-block();
-}
Clearfix
Easily clear floats by adding .clearfixto the parent element. Utilizes the micro clearfix as popularized by Nicolas Gallagher. Can also be used as a mixin.
<!-- Usage as a class -->
-<divclass="clearfix">...</div>
Force an element to be shown or hidden (including for screen readers) with the use of .show and .hidden classes. These classes use !important to avoid specificity conflicts, just like the quick floats. They are only available for block level toggling. They can also be used as mixins.
.hide is available, but it does not always affect screen readers and is deprecated as of v3.0.1. Use .hidden or .sr-only instead.
Furthermore, .invisible can be used to toggle only the visibility of an element, meaning its display is not modified and the element can still affect the flow of the document.
Hide an element to all devices except screen readers with .sr-only. Combine .sr-only with .sr-only-focusable to show the element again when it's focused (e.g. by a keyboard-only user). Necessary for following accessibility best practices. Can also be used as mixins.
<aclass="sr-only sr-only-focusable"href="#content">Skip to main content</a>
// Usage as a mixin
-.skip-navigation{
- .sr-only();
- .sr-only-focusable();
-}
Image replacement
Utilize the .text-hide class or mixin to help replace an element's text content with a background image.
<h1class="text-hide">Custom heading</h1>
// Usage as a mixin
-.heading{
- .text-hide();
-}
Responsive utilities
For faster mobile-friendly development, use these utility classes for showing and hiding content by device via media query. Also included are utility classes for toggling content when printed.
Try to use these on a limited basis and avoid creating entirely different versions of the same site. Instead, use them to complement each device's presentation.
Available classes
Use a single or combination of the available classes for toggling content across viewport breakpoints.
Extra small devices Phones (<768px)
Small devices Tablets (≥768px)
Medium devices Desktops (≥992px)
Large devices Desktops (≥1200px)
.visible-xs-*
Visible
Hidden
Hidden
Hidden
.visible-sm-*
Hidden
Visible
Hidden
Hidden
.visible-md-*
Hidden
Hidden
Visible
Hidden
.visible-lg-*
Hidden
Hidden
Hidden
Visible
.hidden-xs
Hidden
Visible
Visible
Visible
.hidden-sm
Visible
Hidden
Visible
Visible
.hidden-md
Visible
Visible
Hidden
Visible
.hidden-lg
Visible
Visible
Visible
Hidden
As of v3.2.0, the .visible-*-* classes for each breakpoint come in three variations, one for each CSS display property value listed below.
Group of classes
CSS display
.visible-*-block
display: block;
.visible-*-inline
display: inline;
.visible-*-inline-block
display: inline-block;
So, for extra small (xs) screens for example, the available .visible-*-* classes are: .visible-xs-block, .visible-xs-inline, and .visible-xs-inline-block.
The classes .visible-xs, .visible-sm, .visible-md, and .visible-lg also exist, but are deprecated as of v3.2.0. They are approximately equivalent to .visible-*-block, except with additional special cases for toggling <table>-related elements.
Print classes
Similar to the regular responsive classes, use these for toggling content for print.
The class .visible-print also exists but is deprecated as of v3.2.0. It is approximately equivalent to .visible-print-block, except with additional special cases for <table>-related elements.
Test cases
Resize your browser or load on different devices to test the responsive utility classes.
Visible on...
Green checkmarks indicate the element is visible in your current viewport.
Extra small✔ Visible on x-small
Small✔ Visible on small
Medium✔ Visible on medium
Large✔ Visible on large
Extra small and small✔ Visible on x-small and small
Medium and large✔ Visible on medium and large
Extra small and medium✔ Visible on x-small and medium
Small and large✔ Visible on small and large
Extra small and large✔ Visible on x-small and large
Small and medium✔ Visible on small and medium
Hidden on...
Here, green checkmarks also indicate the element is hidden in your current viewport.
Extra small✔ Hidden on x-small
Small✔ Hidden on small
Medium✔ Hidden on medium
Large✔ Hidden on large
Extra small and small✔ Hidden on x-small and small
Medium and large✔ Hidden on medium and large
Extra small and medium✔ Hidden on x-small and medium
Small and large✔ Hidden on small and large
Extra small and large✔ Hidden on x-small and large
Small and medium✔ Hidden on small and medium
Using Less
Bootstrap's CSS is built on Less, a preprocessor with additional functionality like variables, mixins, and functions for compiling CSS. Those looking to use the source Less files instead of our compiled CSS files can make use of the numerous variables and mixins we use throughout the framework.
Bootstrap can be used in at least two ways: with the compiled CSS or with the source Less files. To compile the Less files, consult the Getting Started section for how to setup your development environment to run the necessary commands.
Third party compilation tools may work with Bootstrap, but they are not supported by our core team.
Variables
Variables are used throughout the entire project as a way to centralize and share commonly used values like colors, spacing, or font stacks. For a complete breakdown, please see the Customizer.
Colors
Easily make use of two color schemes: grayscale and semantic. Grayscale colors provide quick access to commonly used shades of black while semantic include various colors assigned to meaningful contextual values.
Note that the @link-hover-color uses a function, another awesome tool from Less, to automagically create the right hover color. You can use darken, lighten, saturate, and desaturate.
Typography
Easily set your typeface, text size, leading, and more with a few quick variables. Bootstrap makes use of these as well to provide easy typographic mixins.
The mixin is deprecated as of v3.2.0, with the introduction of Autoprefixer. To preserve backwards-compatibility, Bootstrap will continue to use the mixin internally until Bootstrap v4.
Today all modern browsers support the non-prefixed border-radius property. As such, there is no .border-radius() mixin, but Bootstrap does include shortcuts for quickly rounding two corners on a particular side of an object.
If your target audience is using the latest and greatest browsers and devices, be sure to just use the box-shadow property on its own. If you need support for older Android (pre-v4) and iOS devices (pre-iOS 5), use the deprecated mixin to pick up the required -webkit prefix.
The mixin is deprecated as of v3.1.0, since Bootstrap doesn't officially support the outdated platforms that don't support the standard property. To preserve backwards-compatibility, Bootstrap will continue to use the mixin internally until Bootstrap v4.
Be sure to use rgba() colors in your box shadows so they blend as seamlessly as possible with backgrounds.
Multiple mixins for flexibility. Set all transition information with one, or specify a separate delay and duration as needed.
The mixins are deprecated as of v3.2.0, with the introduction of Autoprefixer. To preserve backwards-compatibility, Bootstrap will continue to use the mixins internally until Bootstrap v4.
Rotate, scale, translate (move), or skew any object.
The mixins are deprecated as of v3.2.0, with the introduction of Autoprefixer. To preserve backwards-compatibility, Bootstrap will continue to use the mixins internally until Bootstrap v4.
A single mixin for using all of CSS3's animation properties in one declaration and other mixins for individual properties.
The mixins are deprecated as of v3.2.0, with the introduction of Autoprefixer. To preserve backwards-compatibility, Bootstrap will continue to use the mixins internally until Bootstrap v4.
Provide context for form controls within each field.
.placeholder(@color:@input-color-placeholder){
- &::-moz-placeholder{color:@color;}// Firefox
-&:-ms-input-placeholder{color:@color;}// Internet Explorer 10+
-&::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:@color;}// Safari and Chrome
-}
Easily turn any two colors into a background gradient. Get more advanced and set a direction, use three colors, or use a radial gradient. With a single mixin you get all the prefixed syntaxes you'll need.
You can also specify the angle of a standard two-color, linear gradient:
#gradient>.directional(#333;#000;45deg);
If you need a barber-stripe style gradient, that's easy, too. Just specify a single color and we'll overlay a translucent white stripe.
#gradient>.striped(#333;45deg);
Up the ante and use three colors instead. Set the first color, the second color, the second color's color stop (a percentage value like 25%), and the third color with these mixins:
Heads up! Should you ever need to remove a gradient, be sure to remove any IE-specific filter you may have added. You can do that by using the .reset-filter() mixin alongside background-image: none;.
Utility mixins
Utility mixins are mixins that combine otherwise unrelated CSS properties to achieve a specific goal or task.
Clearfix
Forget adding class="clearfix" to any element and instead add the .clearfix() mixin where appropriate. Uses the micro clearfix from Nicolas Gallagher.
Specify two image paths and the @1x image dimensions, and Bootstrap will provide an @2x media query. If you have many images to serve, consider writing your retina image CSS manually in a single media query.
While Bootstrap is built on Less, it also has an official Sass port. We maintain it in a separate GitHub repository and handle updates with a conversion script.
What's included
Since the Sass port has a separate repo and serves a slightly different audience, the contents of the project differ greatly from the main Bootstrap project. This ensures the Sass port is as compatible with as many Sass-based systems as possible.
Path
Description
lib/
Ruby gem code (Sass configuration, Rails and Compass integrations)
For information on how to install and use Bootstrap for Sass, consult the GitHub repository readme. It's the most up to date source and includes information for use with Rails, Compass, and standard Sass projects.
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- Customize and download · Bootstrap
Customize Bootstrap's components, Less variables, and jQuery plugins to get your very own version.
Heads up! The default value for @brand-primary has changed in the latest release to improve contrast and accessibility. Please double check your compiled CSS when upgrading.
Have an existing configuration? Upload your config.json to import it.
Drag and drop here, or .
Don't have one? That's okay—just start customizing the fields below.
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- Getting started · Bootstrap
An overview of Bootstrap, how to download and use, basic templates and examples, and more.
Download
Bootstrap (currently v3.3.7) has a few easy ways to quickly get started, each one appealing to a different skill level and use case. Read through to see what suits your particular needs.
Bootstrap
Compiled and minified CSS, JavaScript, and fonts. No docs or original source files are included.
require('bootstrap') will load all of Bootstrap's jQuery plugins onto the jQuery object. The bootstrap module itself does not export anything. You can manually load Bootstrap's jQuery plugins individually by loading the /js/*.js files under the package's top-level directory.
Bootstrap's package.json contains some additional metadata under the following keys:
style - path to Bootstrap's non-minified CSS that's been precompiled using the default settings (no customization)
Install with Composer
You can also install and manage Bootstrap's Less, CSS, JavaScript, and fonts using Composer:
$ composer require twbs/bootstrap
Autoprefixer required for Less/Sass
Bootstrap uses Autoprefixer to deal with CSS vendor prefixes. If you're compiling Bootstrap from its Less/Sass source and not using our Gruntfile, you'll need to integrate Autoprefixer into your build process yourself. If you're using precompiled Bootstrap or using our Gruntfile, you don't need to worry about this because Autoprefixer is already integrated into our Gruntfile.
What's included
Bootstrap is downloadable in two forms, within which you'll find the following directories and files, logically grouping common resources and providing both compiled and minified variations.
jQuery required
Please note that all JavaScript plugins require jQuery to be included, as shown in the starter template. Consult our bower.json to see which versions of jQuery are supported.
Precompiled Bootstrap
Once downloaded, unzip the compressed folder to see the structure of (the compiled) Bootstrap. You'll see something like this:
This is the most basic form of Bootstrap: precompiled files for quick drop-in usage in nearly any web project. We provide compiled CSS and JS (bootstrap.*), as well as compiled and minified CSS and JS (bootstrap.min.*). CSS source maps (bootstrap.*.map) are available for use with certain browsers' developer tools. Fonts from Glyphicons are included, as is the optional Bootstrap theme.
Bootstrap source code
The Bootstrap source code download includes the precompiled CSS, JavaScript, and font assets, along with source Less, JavaScript, and documentation. More specifically, it includes the following and more:
The less/, js/, and fonts/ are the source code for our CSS, JS, and icon fonts (respectively). The dist/ folder includes everything listed in the precompiled download section above. The docs/ folder includes the source code for our documentation, and examples/ of Bootstrap usage. Beyond that, any other included file provides support for packages, license information, and development.
Compiling CSS and JavaScript
Bootstrap uses Grunt for its build system, with convenient methods for working with the framework. It's how we compile our code, run tests, and more.
Install grunt-cli globally with npm install -g grunt-cli.
Navigate to the root /bootstrap/ directory, then run npm install. npm will look at the package.json file and automatically install the necessary local dependencies listed there.
When completed, you'll be able to run the various Grunt commands provided from the command line.
Available Grunt commands
grunt dist (Just compile CSS and JavaScript)
Regenerates the /dist/ directory with compiled and minified CSS and JavaScript files. As a Bootstrap user, this is normally the command you want.
grunt watch (Watch)
Watches the Less source files and automatically recompiles them to CSS whenever you save a change.
Builds and tests CSS, JavaScript, and other assets which are used when running the documentation locally via bundle exec jekyll serve.
grunt (Build absolutely everything and run tests)
Compiles and minifies CSS and JavaScript, builds the documentation website, runs the HTML5 validator against the docs, regenerates the Customizer assets, and more. Requires Jekyll. Usually only necessary if you're hacking on Bootstrap itself.
Troubleshooting
Should you encounter problems with installing dependencies or running Grunt commands, first delete the /node_modules/ directory generated by npm. Then, rerun npm install.
Basic template
Start with this basic HTML template, or modify these examples. We hope you'll customize our templates and examples, adapting them to suit your needs.
Copy the HTML below to begin working with a minimal Bootstrap document.
<!DOCTYPE html>
-<htmllang="en">
- <head>
- <metacharset="utf-8">
- <metahttp-equiv="X-UA-Compatible"content="IE=edge">
- <metaname="viewport"content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
- <!-- The above 3 meta tags *must* come first in the head; any other head content must come *after* these tags -->
- <title>Bootstrap 101 Template</title>
-
- <!-- Bootstrap -->
- <linkhref="css/bootstrap.min.css"rel="stylesheet">
-
- <!-- HTML5 shim and Respond.js for IE8 support of HTML5 elements and media queries -->
- <!-- WARNING: Respond.js doesn't work if you view the page via file:// -->
- <!--[if lt IE 9]>
- <script src="https://oss.maxcdn.com/html5shiv/3.7.3/html5shiv.min.js"></script>
- <script src="https://oss.maxcdn.com/respond/1.4.2/respond.min.js"></script>
- <![endif]-->
- </head>
- <body>
- <h1>Hello, world!</h1>
-
- <!-- jQuery (necessary for Bootstrap's JavaScript plugins) -->
- <script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.12.4/jquery.min.js"></script>
- <!-- Include all compiled plugins (below), or include individual files as needed -->
- <script src="js/bootstrap.min.js"></script>
- </body>
-</html>
Examples
Build on the basic template above with Bootstrap's many components. We encourage you to customize and adapt Bootstrap to suit your individual project's needs.
Attach a footer to the bottom of the viewport when the content is shorter than it.
Sticky footer with navbar
Attach a footer to the bottom of the viewport with a fixed navbar at the top.
Experiments
Non-responsive Bootstrap
Easily disable the responsiveness of Bootstrap per our docs.
Off-canvas
Build a toggleable off-canvas navigation menu for use with Bootstrap.
Tools
Bootlint
Bootlint is the official Bootstrap HTML linter tool. It automatically checks for several common HTML mistakes in webpages that are using Bootstrap in a fairly "vanilla" way. Vanilla Bootstrap's components/widgets require their parts of the DOM to conform to certain structures. Bootlint checks that instances of Bootstrap components have correctly-structured HTML. Consider adding Bootlint to your Bootstrap web development toolchain so that none of the common mistakes slow down your project's development.
Community
Stay up to date on the development of Bootstrap and reach out to the community with these helpful resources.
Developers should use the keyword bootstrap on packages which modify or add to the functionality of Bootstrap when distributing through npm or similar delivery mechanisms for maximum discoverability.
Find inspiring examples of people building with Bootstrap at the Bootstrap Expo.
Bootstrap automatically adapts your pages for various screen sizes. Here's how to disable this feature so your page works like this non-responsive example.
Steps to disable page responsiveness
Omit the viewport <meta> mentioned in the CSS docs
Override the width on the .container for each grid tier with a single width, for example width: 970px !important; Be sure that this comes after the default Bootstrap CSS. You can optionally avoid the !important with media queries or some selector-fu.
If using navbars, remove all navbar collapsing and expanding behavior.
For grid layouts, use .col-xs-* classes in addition to, or in place of, the medium/large ones. Don't worry, the extra-small device grid scales to all resolutions.
You'll still need Respond.js for IE8 (since our media queries are still there and need to be processed). This disables the "mobile site" aspects of Bootstrap.
Bootstrap template with responsiveness disabled
We've applied these steps to an example. Read its source code to see the specific changes implemented.
Looking to migrate from an older version of Bootstrap to v3.x? Check out our migration guide.
Browser and device support
Bootstrap is built to work best in the latest desktop and mobile browsers, meaning older browsers might display differently styled, though fully functional, renderings of certain components.
Supported browsers
Specifically, we support the latest versions of the following browsers and platforms.
Alternative browsers which use the latest version of WebKit, Blink, or Gecko, whether directly or via the platform's web view API, are not explicitly supported. However, Bootstrap should (in most cases) display and function correctly in these browsers as well. More specific support information is provided below.
Mobile devices
Generally speaking, Bootstrap supports the latest versions of each major platform's default browsers. Note that proxy browsers (such as Opera Mini, Opera Mobile's Turbo mode, UC Browser Mini, Amazon Silk) are not supported.
Chrome
Firefox
Safari
Android
Supported
Supported
N/A
iOS
Supported
Supported
Supported
Desktop browsers
Similarly, the latest versions of most desktop browsers are supported.
Chrome
Firefox
Internet Explorer
Opera
Safari
Mac
Supported
Supported
N/A
Supported
Supported
Windows
Supported
Supported
Supported
Supported
Not supported
On Windows, we support Internet Explorer 8-11.
For Firefox, in addition to the latest normal stable release, we also support the latest Extended Support Release (ESR) version of Firefox.
Unofficially, Bootstrap should look and behave well enough in Chromium and Chrome for Linux, Firefox for Linux, and Internet Explorer 7, as well as Microsoft Edge, though they are not officially supported.
For a list of some of the browser bugs that Bootstrap has to grapple with, see our Wall of browser bugs.
Internet Explorer 8 and 9
Internet Explorer 8 and 9 are also supported, however, please be aware that some CSS3 properties and HTML5 elements are not fully supported by these browsers. In addition, Internet Explorer 8 requires the use of Respond.js to enable media query support.
Feature
Internet Explorer 8
Internet Explorer 9
border-radius
Not supported
Supported
box-shadow
Not supported
Supported
transform
Not supported
Supported, with -ms prefix
transition
Not supported
placeholder
Not supported
Visit Can I use... for details on browser support of CSS3 and HTML5 features.
Internet Explorer 8 and Respond.js
Beware of the following caveats when using Respond.js in your development and production environments for Internet Explorer 8.
Respond.js and cross-domain CSS
Using Respond.js with CSS hosted on a different (sub)domain (for example, on a CDN) requires some additional setup. See the Respond.js docs for details.
Respond.js and file://
Due to browser security rules, Respond.js doesn't work with pages viewed via the file:// protocol (like when opening a local HTML file). To test responsive features in IE8, view your pages over HTTP(S). See the Respond.js docs for details.
Respond.js and @import
Respond.js doesn't work with CSS that's referenced via @import. In particular, some Drupal configurations are known to use @import. See the Respond.js docs for details.
Internet Explorer 8 and box-sizing
IE8 does not fully support box-sizing: border-box; when combined with min-width, max-width, min-height, or max-height. For that reason, as of v3.0.1, we no longer use max-width on .containers.
Internet Explorer 8 and @font-face
IE8 has some issues with @font-face when combined with :before. Bootstrap uses that combination with its Glyphicons. If a page is cached, and loaded without the mouse over the window (i.e. hit the refresh button or load something in an iframe) then the page gets rendered before the font loads. Hovering over the page (body) will show some of the icons and hovering over the remaining icons will show those as well. See issue #13863 for details.
IE Compatibility modes
Bootstrap is not supported in the old Internet Explorer compatibility modes. To be sure you're using the latest rendering mode for IE, consider including the appropriate <meta> tag in your pages:
Confirm the document mode by opening the debugging tools: press F12 and check the "Document Mode".
This tag is included in all of Bootstrap's documentation and examples to ensure the best rendering possible in each supported version of Internet Explorer.
Internet Explorer 10 in Windows 8 and Windows Phone 8
Internet Explorer 10 doesn't differentiate device width from viewport width, and thus doesn't properly apply the media queries in Bootstrap's CSS. Normally you'd just add a quick snippet of CSS to fix this:
@-ms-viewport{width:device-width;}
However, this doesn't work for devices running Windows Phone 8 versions older than Update 3 (a.k.a. GDR3), as it causes such devices to show a mostly desktop view instead of narrow "phone" view. To address this, you'll need to include the following CSS and JavaScript to work around the bug.
As a heads up, we include this in all of Bootstrap's documentation and examples as a demonstration.
Safari percent rounding
The rendering engine of versions of Safari prior to v7.1 for OS X and Safari for iOS v8.0 had some trouble with the number of decimal places used in our .col-*-1 grid classes. So if you had 12 individual grid columns, you'd notice that they came up short compared to other rows of columns. Besides upgrading Safari/iOS, you have some options for workarounds:
Add .pull-right to your last grid column to get the hard-right alignment
Tweak your percentages manually to get the perfect rounding for Safari (more difficult than the first option)
Modals, navbars, and virtual keyboards
Overflow and scrolling
Support for overflow: hidden on the <body> element is quite limited in iOS and Android. To that end, when you scroll past the top or bottom of a modal in either of those devices' browsers, the <body> content will begin to scroll. See Chrome bug #175502 (fixed in Chrome v40) and WebKit bug #153852.
iOS text fields and scrolling
As of iOS 9.3, while a modal is open, if the initial touch of a scroll gesture is within the boundary of a textual <input> or a <textarea>, the <body> content underneath the modal will be scrolled instead of the modal itself. See WebKit bug #153856.
Virtual keyboards
Also, note that if you're using a fixed navbar or using inputs within a modal, iOS has a rendering bug that doesn't update the position of fixed elements when the virtual keyboard is triggered. A few workarounds for this include transforming your elements to position: absolute or invoking a timer on focus to try to correct the positioning manually. This is not handled by Bootstrap, so it is up to you to decide which solution is best for your application.
Navbar Dropdowns
The .dropdown-backdrop element isn't used on iOS in the nav because of the complexity of z-indexing. Thus, to close dropdowns in navbars, you must directly click the dropdown element (or any other element which will fire a click event in iOS).
Browser zooming
Page zooming inevitably presents rendering artifacts in some components, both in Bootstrap and the rest of the web. Depending on the issue, we may be able to fix it (search first and then open an issue if need be). However, we tend to ignore these as they often have no direct solution other than hacky workarounds.
Sticky :hover/:focus on mobile
Even though real hovering isn't possible on most touchscreens, most mobile browsers emulate hovering support and make :hover "sticky". In other words, :hover styles start applying after tapping an element and only stop applying after the user taps some other element. This can cause Bootstrap's :hover states to become undesirably "stuck" on such browsers. Some mobile browsers also make :focus similarly sticky. There is currently no simple workaround for these issues other than removing such styles entirely.
Printing
Even in some modern browsers, printing can be quirky.
In particular, as of Chrome v32 and regardless of margin settings, Chrome uses a viewport width significantly narrower than the physical paper size when resolving media queries while printing a webpage. This can result in Bootstrap's extra-small grid being unexpectedly activated when printing. See issue #12078 and Chrome bug #273306 for some details. Suggested workarounds:
Embrace the extra-small grid and make sure your page looks acceptable under it.
Customize the values of the @screen-* Less variables so that your printer paper is considered larger than extra-small.
Add custom media queries to change the grid size breakpoints for print media only.
Also, as of Safari v8.0, fixed-width .containers can cause Safari to use an unusually small font size when printing. See #14868 and WebKit bug #138192 for more details. One potential workaround for this is adding the following CSS:
@mediaprint{
- .container{
- width:auto;
- }
-}
Android stock browser
Out of the box, Android 4.1 (and even some newer releases apparently) ship with the Browser app as the default web browser of choice (as opposed to Chrome). Unfortunately, the Browser app has lots of bugs and inconsistencies with CSS in general.
Select menus
On <select> elements, the Android stock browser will not display the side controls if there is a border-radius and/or border applied. (See this StackOverflow question for details.) Use the snippet of code below to remove the offending CSS and render the <select> as an unstyled element on the Android stock browser. The user agent sniffing avoids interference with Chrome, Safari, and Mozilla browsers.
In order to provide the best possible experience to old and buggy browsers, Bootstrap uses CSS browser hacks in several places to target special CSS to certain browser versions in order to work around bugs in the browsers themselves. These hacks understandably cause CSS validators to complain that they are invalid. In a couple places, we also use bleeding-edge CSS features that aren't yet fully standardized, but these are used purely for progressive enhancement.
These validation warnings don't matter in practice since the non-hacky portion of our CSS does fully validate and the hacky portions don't interfere with the proper functioning of the non-hacky portion, hence why we deliberately ignore these particular warnings.
Our HTML docs likewise have some trivial and inconsequential HTML validation warnings due to our inclusion of a workaround for a certain Firefox bug.
Third party support
While we don't officially support any third party plugins or add-ons, we do offer some useful advice to help avoid potential issues in your projects.
Box-sizing
Some third party software, including Google Maps and Google Custom Search Engine, conflict with Bootstrap due to * { box-sizing: border-box; }, a rule which makes it so padding does not affect the final computed width of an element. Learn more about box model and sizing at CSS Tricks.
Depending on the context, you may override as-needed (Option 1) or reset the box-sizing for entire regions (Option 2).
/* Box-sizing resets
- *
- * Reset individual elements or override regions to avoid conflicts due to
- * global box model settings of Bootstrap. Two options, individual overrides and
- * region resets, are available as plain CSS and uncompiled Less formats.
- */
-
-/* Option 1A: Override a single element's box model via CSS */
-.element{
- -webkit-box-sizing:content-box;
- -moz-box-sizing:content-box;
- box-sizing:content-box;
-}
-
-/* Option 1B: Override a single element's box model by using a Bootstrap Less mixin */
-.element{
- .box-sizing(content-box);
-}
-
-/* Option 2A: Reset an entire region via CSS */
-.reset-box-sizing,
-.reset-box-sizing*,
-.reset-box-sizing*:before,
-.reset-box-sizing*:after{
- -webkit-box-sizing:content-box;
- -moz-box-sizing:content-box;
- box-sizing:content-box;
-}
-
-/* Option 2B: Reset an entire region with a custom Less mixin */
-.reset-box-sizing{
- &,
- *,
- *:before,
- *:after{
- .box-sizing(content-box);
- }
-}
-.element{
- .reset-box-sizing();
-}
Accessibility
Bootstrap follows common web standards and—with minimal extra effort—can be used to create sites that are accessible to those using AT.
Skip navigation
If your navigation contains many links and comes before the main content in the DOM, add a Skip to main content link before the navigation (for a simple explanation, see this A11Y Project article on skip navigation links). Using the .sr-only class will visually hide the skip link, and the .sr-only-focusable class will ensure that the link becomes visible once focused (for sighted keyboard users).
Due to long-standing shortcomings/bugs in Chrome (see issue 262171 in the Chromium bug tracker) and Internet Explorer (see this article on in-page links and focus order), you will need to make sure that the target of your skip link is at least programmatically focusable by adding tabindex="-1".
In addition, you may want to explicitly suppress a visible focus indication on the target (particularly as Chrome currently also sets focus on elements with tabindex="-1" when they are clicked with the mouse) with #content:focus { outline: none; }.
Note that this bug will also affect any other in-page links your site may be using, rendering them useless for keyboard users. You may consider adding a similar stop-gap fix to all other named anchors / fragment identifiers that act as link targets.
<body>
- <ahref="#content"class="sr-only sr-only-focusable">Skip to main content</a>
- ...
- <divclass="container"id="content"tabindex="-1">
- <!-- The main page content -->
- </div>
-</body>
Nested headings
When nesting headings (<h1> - <h6>), your primary document header should be an <h1>. Subsequent headings should make logical use of <h2> - <h6> such that screen readers can construct a table of contents for your pages.
Currently, some of the default color combinations available in Bootstrap (such as the various styled button classes, some of the code highlighting colors used for basic code blocks, the .bg-primarycontextual background helper class, and the default link color when used on a white background) have a low contrast ratio (below the recommended ratio of 4.5:1). This can cause problems to users with low vision or who are color blind. These default colors may need to be modified to increase their contrast and legibility.
Bootstrap is released under the MIT license and is copyright 2016 Twitter. Boiled down to smaller chunks, it can be described with the following conditions.
It requires you to:
Keep the license and copyright notice included in Bootstrap's CSS and JavaScript files when you use them in your works
It permits you to:
Freely download and use Bootstrap, in whole or in part, for personal, private, company internal, or commercial purposes
Use Bootstrap in packages or distributions that you create
Modify the source code
Grant a sublicense to modify and distribute Bootstrap to third parties not included in the license
It forbids you to:
Hold the authors and license owners liable for damages as Bootstrap is provided without warranty
Hold the creators or copyright holders of Bootstrap liable
Redistribute any piece of Bootstrap without proper attribution
Use any marks owned by Twitter in any way that might state or imply that Twitter endorses your distribution
Use any marks owned by Twitter in any way that might state or imply that you created the Twitter software in question
It does not require you to:
Include the source of Bootstrap itself, or of any modifications you may have made to it, in any redistribution you may assemble that includes it
Submit changes that you make to Bootstrap back to the Bootstrap project (though such feedback is encouraged)
Community members have translated Bootstrap's documentation into various languages. None are officially supported and they may not always be up to date.
We don't help organize or host translations, we just link to them.
Finished a new or better translation? Open a pull request to add it to our list.
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Bootstrap CDN
When you only need to include Bootstrap's compiled CSS or JS, you can use the Bootstrap CDN.
Bring Bootstrap's components to life with over a dozen custom jQuery plugins. Easily include them all, or one by one.
Overview
Individual or compiled
Plugins can be included individually (using Bootstrap's individual *.js files), or all at once (using bootstrap.js or the minified bootstrap.min.js).
Using the compiled JavaScript
Both bootstrap.js and bootstrap.min.js contain all plugins in a single file. Include only one.
Plugin dependencies
Some plugins and CSS components depend on other plugins. If you include plugins individually, make sure to check for these dependencies in the docs. Also note that all plugins depend on jQuery (this means jQuery must be included before the plugin files). Consult our bower.json to see which versions of jQuery are supported.
Data attributes
You can use all Bootstrap plugins purely through the markup API without writing a single line of JavaScript. This is Bootstrap's first-class API and should be your first consideration when using a plugin.
That said, in some situations it may be desirable to turn this functionality off. Therefore, we also provide the ability to disable the data attribute API by unbinding all events on the document namespaced with data-api. This looks like this:
$(document).off('.data-api')
Alternatively, to target a specific plugin, just include the plugin's name as a namespace along with the data-api namespace like this:
$(document).off('.alert.data-api')
Only one plugin per element via data attributes
Don't use data attributes from multiple plugins on the same element. For example, a button cannot both have a tooltip and toggle a modal. To accomplish this, use a wrapping element.
Programmatic API
We also believe you should be able to use all Bootstrap plugins purely through the JavaScript API. All public APIs are single, chainable methods, and return the collection acted upon.
$('.btn.danger').button('toggle').addClass('fat')
All methods should accept an optional options object, a string which targets a particular method, or nothing (which initiates a plugin with default behavior):
$('#myModal').modal()// initialized with defaults
-$('#myModal').modal({keyboard:false})// initialized with no keyboard
-$('#myModal').modal('show')// initializes and invokes show immediately
Each plugin also exposes its raw constructor on a Constructor property: $.fn.popover.Constructor. If you'd like to get a particular plugin instance, retrieve it directly from an element: $('[rel="popover"]').data('popover').
Default settings
You can change the default settings for a plugin by modifying the plugin's Constructor.DEFAULTS object:
$.fn.modal.Constructor.DEFAULTS.keyboard=false// changes default for the modal plugin's `keyboard` option to false
No conflict
Sometimes it is necessary to use Bootstrap plugins with other UI frameworks. In these circumstances, namespace collisions can occasionally occur. If this happens, you may call .noConflict on the plugin you wish to revert the value of.
varbootstrapButton=$.fn.button.noConflict()// return $.fn.button to previously assigned value
-$.fn.bootstrapBtn=bootstrapButton// give $().bootstrapBtn the Bootstrap functionality
Events
Bootstrap provides custom events for most plugins' unique actions. Generally, these come in an infinitive and past participle form - where the infinitive (ex. show) is triggered at the start of an event, and its past participle form (ex. shown) is triggered on the completion of an action.
As of 3.0.0, all Bootstrap events are namespaced.
All infinitive events provide preventDefault functionality. This provides the ability to stop the execution of an action before it starts.
$('#myModal').on('show.bs.modal',function(e){
- if(!data)returne.preventDefault()// stops modal from being shown
-})
Version numbers
The version of each of Bootstrap's jQuery plugins can be accessed via the VERSION property of the plugin's constructor. For example, for the tooltip plugin:
$.fn.tooltip.Constructor.VERSION// => "3.3.7"
No special fallbacks when JavaScript is disabled
Bootstrap's plugins don't fall back particularly gracefully when JavaScript is disabled. If you care about the user experience in this case, use <noscript> to explain the situation (and how to re-enable JavaScript) to your users, and/or add your own custom fallbacks.
Third-party libraries
Bootstrap does not officially support third-party JavaScript libraries like Prototype or jQuery UI. Despite .noConflict and namespaced events, there may be compatibility problems that you need to fix on your own.
Transitions transition.js
About transitions
For simple transition effects, include transition.js once alongside the other JS files. If you're using the compiled (or minified) bootstrap.js, there is no need to include this—it's already there.
What's inside
Transition.js is a basic helper for transitionEnd events as well as a CSS transition emulator. It's used by the other plugins to check for CSS transition support and to catch hanging transitions.
Disabling transitions
Transitions can be globally disabled using the following JavaScript snippet, which must come after transition.js (or bootstrap.js or bootstrap.min.js, as the case may be) has loaded:
$.support.transition=false
Modals modal.js
Modals are streamlined, but flexible, dialog prompts with the minimum required functionality and smart defaults.
Multiple open modals not supported
Be sure not to open a modal while another is still visible. Showing more than one modal at a time requires custom code.
Modal markup placement
Always try to place a modal's HTML code in a top-level position in your document to avoid other components affecting the modal's appearance and/or functionality.
Due to how HTML5 defines its semantics, the autofocus HTML attribute has no effect in Bootstrap modals. To achieve the same effect, use some custom JavaScript:
Cras mattis consectetur purus sit amet fermentum. Cras justo odio, dapibus ac facilisis in, egestas eget quam. Morbi leo risus, porta ac consectetur ac, vestibulum at eros.
Praesent commodo cursus magna, vel scelerisque nisl consectetur et. Vivamus sagittis lacus vel augue laoreet rutrum faucibus dolor auctor.
Aenean lacinia bibendum nulla sed consectetur. Praesent commodo cursus magna, vel scelerisque nisl consectetur et. Donec sed odio dui. Donec ullamcorper nulla non metus auctor fringilla.
Cras mattis consectetur purus sit amet fermentum. Cras justo odio, dapibus ac facilisis in, egestas eget quam. Morbi leo risus, porta ac consectetur ac, vestibulum at eros.
Praesent commodo cursus magna, vel scelerisque nisl consectetur et. Vivamus sagittis lacus vel augue laoreet rutrum faucibus dolor auctor.
Aenean lacinia bibendum nulla sed consectetur. Praesent commodo cursus magna, vel scelerisque nisl consectetur et. Donec sed odio dui. Donec ullamcorper nulla non metus auctor fringilla.
Cras mattis consectetur purus sit amet fermentum. Cras justo odio, dapibus ac facilisis in, egestas eget quam. Morbi leo risus, porta ac consectetur ac, vestibulum at eros.
Praesent commodo cursus magna, vel scelerisque nisl consectetur et. Vivamus sagittis lacus vel augue laoreet rutrum faucibus dolor auctor.
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Be sure to add role="dialog" and aria-labelledby="...", referencing the modal title, to .modal, and role="document" to the .modal-dialog itself.
Additionally, you may give a description of your modal dialog with aria-describedby on .modal.
Embedding YouTube videos
Embedding YouTube videos in modals requires additional JavaScript not in Bootstrap to automatically stop playback and more. See this helpful Stack Overflow post for more information.
Optional sizes
Modals have two optional sizes, available via modifier classes to be placed on a .modal-dialog.
Have a bunch of buttons that all trigger the same modal, just with slightly different contents? Use event.relatedTarget and HTML data-* attributes (possibly via jQuery) to vary the contents of the modal depending on which button was clicked. See the Modal Events docs for details on relatedTarget,
$('#exampleModal').on('show.bs.modal',function(event){
- varbutton=$(event.relatedTarget)// Button that triggered the modal
- varrecipient=button.data('whatever')// Extract info from data-* attributes
- // If necessary, you could initiate an AJAX request here (and then do the updating in a callback).
- // Update the modal's content. We'll use jQuery here, but you could use a data binding library or other methods instead.
- varmodal=$(this)
- modal.find('.modal-title').text('New message to '+recipient)
- modal.find('.modal-body input').val(recipient)
-})
Usage
The modal plugin toggles your hidden content on demand, via data attributes or JavaScript. It also adds .modal-open to the <body> to override default scrolling behavior and generates a .modal-backdrop to provide a click area for dismissing shown modals when clicking outside the modal.
Via data attributes
Activate a modal without writing JavaScript. Set data-toggle="modal" on a controller element, like a button, along with a data-target="#foo" or href="#foo" to target a specific modal to toggle.
Call a modal with id myModal with a single line of JavaScript:
$('#myModal').modal(options)
Options
Options can be passed via data attributes or JavaScript. For data attributes, append the option name to data-, as in data-backdrop="".
Name
type
default
description
backdrop
boolean or the string 'static'
true
Includes a modal-backdrop element. Alternatively, specify static for a backdrop which doesn't close the modal on click.
keyboard
boolean
true
Closes the modal when escape key is pressed
show
boolean
true
Shows the modal when initialized.
remote
path
false
This option is deprecated since v3.3.0 and has been removed in v4. We recommend instead using client-side templating or a data binding framework, or calling jQuery.load yourself.
If a remote URL is provided, content will be loaded one time via jQuery's load method and injected into the .modal-content div. If you're using the data-api, you may alternatively use the href attribute to specify the remote source. An example of this is shown below:
Activates your content as a modal. Accepts an optional options object.
$('#myModal').modal({
- keyboard:false
-})
.modal('toggle')
Manually toggles a modal. Returns to the caller before the modal has actually been shown or hidden (i.e. before the shown.bs.modal or hidden.bs.modal event occurs).
$('#myModal').modal('toggle')
.modal('show')
Manually opens a modal. Returns to the caller before the modal has actually been shown (i.e. before the shown.bs.modal event occurs).
$('#myModal').modal('show')
.modal('hide')
Manually hides a modal. Returns to the caller before the modal has actually been hidden (i.e. before the hidden.bs.modal event occurs).
$('#myModal').modal('hide')
.modal('handleUpdate')
Readjusts the modal's positioning to counter a scrollbar in case one should appear, which would make the modal jump to the left.
Only needed when the height of the modal changes while it is open.
$('#myModal').modal('handleUpdate')
Events
Bootstrap's modal class exposes a few events for hooking into modal functionality.
All modal events are fired at the modal itself (i.e. at the <div class="modal">).
Event Type
Description
show.bs.modal
This event fires immediately when the show instance method is called. If caused by a click, the clicked element is available as the relatedTarget property of the event.
shown.bs.modal
This event is fired when the modal has been made visible to the user (will wait for CSS transitions to complete). If caused by a click, the clicked element is available as the relatedTarget property of the event.
hide.bs.modal
This event is fired immediately when the hide instance method has been called.
hidden.bs.modal
This event is fired when the modal has finished being hidden from the user (will wait for CSS transitions to complete).
loaded.bs.modal
This event is fired when the modal has loaded content using the remote option.
$('#myModal').on('hidden.bs.modal',function(e){
- // do something...
-})
Dropdowns dropdown.js
Examples
Add dropdown menus to nearly anything with this simple plugin, including the navbar, tabs, and pills.
Via data attributes or JavaScript, the dropdown plugin toggles hidden content (dropdown menus) by toggling the .open class on the parent list item.
On mobile devices, opening a dropdown adds a .dropdown-backdrop as a tap area for closing dropdown menus when tapping outside the menu, a requirement for proper iOS support. This means that switching from an open dropdown menu to a different dropdown menu requires an extra tap on mobile.
Note: The data-toggle="dropdown" attribute is relied on for closing dropdown menus at an application level, so it's a good idea to always use it.
Via data attributes
Add data-toggle="dropdown" to a link or button to toggle a dropdown.
Regardless of whether you call your dropdown via JavaScript or instead use the data-api, data-toggle="dropdown" is always required to be present on the dropdown's trigger element.
Options
None
Methods
$().dropdown('toggle')
Toggles the dropdown menu of a given navbar or tabbed navigation.
Events
All dropdown events are fired at the .dropdown-menu's parent element.
All dropdown events have a relatedTarget property, whose value is the toggling anchor element.
Event Type
Description
show.bs.dropdown
This event fires immediately when the show instance method is called.
shown.bs.dropdown
This event is fired when the dropdown has been made visible to the user (will wait for CSS transitions, to complete).
hide.bs.dropdown
This event is fired immediately when the hide instance method has been called.
hidden.bs.dropdown
This event is fired when the dropdown has finished being hidden from the user (will wait for CSS transitions, to complete).
$('#myDropdown').on('show.bs.dropdown',function(){
- // do something…
-})
ScrollSpy scrollspy.js
Example in navbar
The ScrollSpy plugin is for automatically updating nav targets based on scroll position. Scroll the area below the navbar and watch the active class change. The dropdown sub items will be highlighted as well.
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Usage
Requires Bootstrap nav
Scrollspy currently requires the use of a Bootstrap nav component for proper highlighting of active links.
Resolvable ID targets required
Navbar links must have resolvable id targets. For example, a <a href="#home">home</a> must correspond to something in the DOM like <div id="home"></div>.
Non-:visible target elements ignored
Target elements that are not :visible according to jQuery will be ignored and their corresponding nav items will never be highlighted.
Requires relative positioning
No matter the implementation method, scrollspy requires the use of position: relative; on the element you're spying on. In most cases this is the <body>. When scrollspying on elements other than the <body>, be sure to have a height set and overflow-y: scroll; applied.
Via data attributes
To easily add scrollspy behavior to your topbar navigation, add data-spy="scroll" to the element you want to spy on (most typically this would be the <body>). Then add the data-target attribute with the ID or class of the parent element of any Bootstrap .nav component.
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$('#myTabs a[href="#profile"]').tab('show')// Select tab by name
-$('#myTabs a:first').tab('show')// Select first tab
-$('#myTabs a:last').tab('show')// Select last tab
-$('#myTabs li:eq(2) a').tab('show')// Select third tab (0-indexed)
Markup
You can activate a tab or pill navigation without writing any JavaScript by simply specifying data-toggle="tab" or data-toggle="pill" on an element. Adding the nav and nav-tabs classes to the tab ul will apply the Bootstrap tab styling, while adding the nav and nav-pills classes will apply pill styling.
Activates a tab element and content container. Tab should have either a data-target or an href targeting a container node in the DOM. In the above examples, the tabs are the <a>s with data-toggle="tab" attributes.
.tab('show')
Selects the given tab and shows its associated content. Any other tab that was previously selected becomes unselected and its associated content is hidden. Returns to the caller before the tab pane has actually been shown (i.e. before the shown.bs.tab event occurs).
$('#someTab').tab('show')
Events
When showing a new tab, the events fire in the following order:
hide.bs.tab (on the current active tab)
show.bs.tab (on the to-be-shown tab)
hidden.bs.tab (on the previous active tab, the same one as for the hide.bs.tab event)
shown.bs.tab (on the newly-active just-shown tab, the same one as for the show.bs.tab event)
If no tab was already active, then the hide.bs.tab and hidden.bs.tab events will not be fired.
Event Type
Description
show.bs.tab
This event fires on tab show, but before the new tab has been shown. Use event.target and event.relatedTarget to target the active tab and the previous active tab (if available) respectively.
shown.bs.tab
This event fires on tab show after a tab has been shown. Use event.target and event.relatedTarget to target the active tab and the previous active tab (if available) respectively.
hide.bs.tab
This event fires when a new tab is to be shown (and thus the previous active tab is to be hidden). Use event.target and event.relatedTarget to target the current active tab and the new soon-to-be-active tab, respectively.
hidden.bs.tab
This event fires after a new tab is shown (and thus the previous active tab is hidden). Use event.target and event.relatedTarget to target the previous active tab and the new active tab, respectively.
Inspired by the excellent jQuery.tipsy plugin written by Jason Frame; Tooltips are an updated version, which don't rely on images, use CSS3 for animations, and data-attributes for local title storage.
Tooltips with zero-length titles are never displayed.
Examples
Hover over the links below to see tooltips:
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Static tooltip
Four options are available: top, right, bottom, and left aligned.
Tooltip on the left
Tooltip on the top
Tooltip on the bottom
Tooltip on the right
Four directions
<buttontype="button"class="btn btn-default"data-toggle="tooltip"data-placement="left"title="Tooltip on left">Tooltip on left</button>
-
-<buttontype="button"class="btn btn-default"data-toggle="tooltip"data-placement="top"title="Tooltip on top">Tooltip on top</button>
-
-<buttontype="button"class="btn btn-default"data-toggle="tooltip"data-placement="bottom"title="Tooltip on bottom">Tooltip on bottom</button>
-
-<buttontype="button"class="btn btn-default"data-toggle="tooltip"data-placement="right"title="Tooltip on right">Tooltip on right</button>
Opt-in functionality
For performance reasons, the Tooltip and Popover data-apis are opt-in, meaning you must initialize them yourself.
One way to initialize all tooltips on a page would be to select them by their data-toggle attribute:
The tooltip plugin generates content and markup on demand, and by default places tooltips after their trigger element.
Trigger the tooltip via JavaScript:
$('#example').tooltip(options)
Markup
The required markup for a tooltip is only a data attribute and title on the HTML element you wish to have a tooltip. The generated markup of a tooltip is rather simple, though it does require a position (by default, set to top by the plugin).
<!-- HTML to write -->
-<ahref="#"data-toggle="tooltip"title="Some tooltip text!">Hover over me</a>
-
-<!-- Generated markup by the plugin -->
-<divclass="tooltip top"role="tooltip">
- <divclass="tooltip-arrow"></div>
- <divclass="tooltip-inner">
- Some tooltip text!
- </div>
-</div>
Multiple-line links
Sometimes you want to add a tooltip to a hyperlink that wraps multiple lines. The default behavior of the tooltip plugin is to center it horizontally and vertically. Add white-space: nowrap; to your anchors to avoid this.
Tooltips in button groups, input groups, and tables require special setting
When using tooltips on elements within a .btn-group or an .input-group, or on table-related elements (<td>, <th>, <tr>, <thead>, <tbody>, <tfoot>), you'll have to specify the option container: 'body' (documented below) to avoid unwanted side effects (such as the element growing wider and/or losing its rounded corners when the tooltip is triggered).
Don't try to show tooltips on hidden elements
Invoking $(...).tooltip('show') when the target element is display: none; will cause the tooltip to be incorrectly positioned.
Accessible tooltips for keyboard and assistive technology users
For users navigating with a keyboard, and in particular users of assistive technologies, you should only add tooltips to keyboard-focusable elements such as links, form controls, or any arbitrary element with a tabindex="0" attribute.
Tooltips on disabled elements require wrapper elements
To add a tooltip to a disabled or .disabled element, put the element inside of a <div> and apply the tooltip to that <div> instead.
Options
Options can be passed via data attributes or JavaScript. For data attributes, append the option name to data-, as in data-animation="".
Name
Type
Default
Description
animation
boolean
true
Apply a CSS fade transition to the tooltip
container
string | false
false
Appends the tooltip to a specific element. Example: container: 'body'. This option is particularly useful in that it allows you to position the tooltip in the flow of the document near the triggering element - which will prevent the tooltip from floating away from the triggering element during a window resize.
delay
number | object
0
Delay showing and hiding the tooltip (ms) - does not apply to manual trigger type
If a number is supplied, delay is applied to both hide/show
Object structure is: delay: { "show": 500, "hide": 100 }
html
boolean
false
Insert HTML into the tooltip. If false, jQuery's text method will be used to insert content into the DOM. Use text if you're worried about XSS attacks.
placement
string | function
'top'
How to position the tooltip - top | bottom | left | right | auto. When "auto" is specified, it will dynamically reorient the tooltip. For example, if placement is "auto left", the tooltip will display to the left when possible, otherwise it will display right.
When a function is used to determine the placement, it is called with the tooltip DOM node as its first argument and the triggering element DOM node as its second. The this context is set to the tooltip instance.
selector
string
false
If a selector is provided, tooltip objects will be delegated to the specified targets. In practice, this is used to enable dynamic HTML content to have tooltips added. See this and an informative example.
The tooltip's title will be injected into the .tooltip-inner.
.tooltip-arrow will become the tooltip's arrow.
The outermost wrapper element should have the .tooltip class.
title
string | function
''
Default title value if title attribute isn't present.
If a function is given, it will be called with its this reference set to the element that the tooltip is attached to.
trigger
string
'hover focus'
How tooltip is triggered - click | hover | focus | manual. You may pass multiple triggers; separate them with a space. manual cannot be combined with any other trigger.
viewport
string | object | function
{ selector: 'body', padding: 0 }
Keeps the tooltip within the bounds of this element. Example: viewport: '#viewport' or { "selector": "#viewport", "padding": 0 }
If a function is given, it is called with the triggering element DOM node as its only argument. The this context is set to the tooltip instance.
Data attributes for individual tooltips
Options for individual tooltips can alternatively be specified through the use of data attributes, as explained above.
Methods
$().tooltip(options)
Attaches a tooltip handler to an element collection.
.tooltip('show')
Reveals an element's tooltip. Returns to the caller before the tooltip has actually been shown (i.e. before the shown.bs.tooltip event occurs). This is considered a "manual" triggering of the tooltip. Tooltips with zero-length titles are never displayed.
$('#element').tooltip('show')
.tooltip('hide')
Hides an element's tooltip. Returns to the caller before the tooltip has actually been hidden (i.e. before the hidden.bs.tooltip event occurs). This is considered a "manual" triggering of the tooltip.
$('#element').tooltip('hide')
.tooltip('toggle')
Toggles an element's tooltip. Returns to the caller before the tooltip has actually been shown or hidden (i.e. before the shown.bs.tooltip or hidden.bs.tooltip event occurs). This is considered a "manual" triggering of the tooltip.
$('#element').tooltip('toggle')
.tooltip('destroy')
Hides and destroys an element's tooltip. Tooltips that use delegation (which are created using the selector option) cannot be individually destroyed on descendant trigger elements.
$('#element').tooltip('destroy')
Events
Event Type
Description
show.bs.tooltip
This event fires immediately when the show instance method is called.
shown.bs.tooltip
This event is fired when the tooltip has been made visible to the user (will wait for CSS transitions to complete).
hide.bs.tooltip
This event is fired immediately when the hide instance method has been called.
hidden.bs.tooltip
This event is fired when the tooltip has finished being hidden from the user (will wait for CSS transitions to complete).
inserted.bs.tooltip
This event is fired after the show.bs.tooltip event when the tooltip template has been added to the DOM.
$('#myTooltip').on('hidden.bs.tooltip',function(){
- // do something…
-})
Popovers popover.js
Add small overlays of content, like those on the iPad, to any element for housing secondary information.
Popovers whose both title and content are zero-length are never displayed.
Plugin dependency
Popovers require the tooltip plugin to be included in your version of Bootstrap.
Opt-in functionality
For performance reasons, the Tooltip and Popover data-apis are opt-in, meaning you must initialize them yourself.
One way to initialize all popovers on a page would be to select them by their data-toggle attribute:
Popovers in button groups, input groups, and tables require special setting
When using popovers on elements within a .btn-group or an .input-group, or on table-related elements (<td>, <th>, <tr>, <thead>, <tbody>, <tfoot>), you'll have to specify the option container: 'body' (documented below) to avoid unwanted side effects (such as the element growing wider and/or losing its rounded corners when the popover is triggered).
Don't try to show popovers on hidden elements
Invoking $(...).popover('show') when the target element is display: none; will cause the popover to be incorrectly positioned.
Popovers on disabled elements require wrapper elements
To add a popover to a disabled or .disabled element, put the element inside of a <div> and apply the popover to that <div> instead.
Multiple-line links
Sometimes you want to add a popover to a hyperlink that wraps multiple lines. The default behavior of the popover plugin is to center it horizontally and vertically. Add white-space: nowrap; to your anchors to avoid this.
Examples
Static popover
Four options are available: top, right, bottom, and left aligned.
Popover top
Sed posuere consectetur est at lobortis. Aenean eu leo quam. Pellentesque ornare sem lacinia quam venenatis vestibulum.
Popover right
Sed posuere consectetur est at lobortis. Aenean eu leo quam. Pellentesque ornare sem lacinia quam venenatis vestibulum.
Popover bottom
Sed posuere consectetur est at lobortis. Aenean eu leo quam. Pellentesque ornare sem lacinia quam venenatis vestibulum.
Popover left
Sed posuere consectetur est at lobortis. Aenean eu leo quam. Pellentesque ornare sem lacinia quam venenatis vestibulum.
Live demo
<buttontype="button"class="btn btn-lg btn-danger"data-toggle="popover"title="Popover title"data-content="And here's some amazing content. It's very engaging. Right?">Click to toggle popover</button>
Four directions
<buttontype="button"class="btn btn-default"data-container="body"data-toggle="popover"data-placement="left"data-content="Vivamus sagittis lacus vel augue laoreet rutrum faucibus.">
- Popover on left
-</button>
-
-<buttontype="button"class="btn btn-default"data-container="body"data-toggle="popover"data-placement="top"data-content="Vivamus sagittis lacus vel augue laoreet rutrum faucibus.">
- Popover on top
-</button>
-
-<buttontype="button"class="btn btn-default"data-container="body"data-toggle="popover"data-placement="bottom"data-content="Vivamus
-sagittis lacus vel augue laoreet rutrum faucibus.">
- Popover on bottom
-</button>
-
-<buttontype="button"class="btn btn-default"data-container="body"data-toggle="popover"data-placement="right"data-content="Vivamus sagittis lacus vel augue laoreet rutrum faucibus.">
- Popover on right
-</button>
Dismiss on next click
Use the focus trigger to dismiss popovers on the next click that the user makes.
Specific markup required for dismiss-on-next-click
For proper cross-browser and cross-platform behavior, you must use the <a> tag, not the <button> tag, and you also must include the role="button" and tabindex attributes.
<atabindex="0"class="btn btn-lg btn-danger"role="button"data-toggle="popover"data-trigger="focus"title="Dismissible popover"data-content="And here's some amazing content. It's very engaging. Right?">Dismissible popover</a>
Usage
Enable popovers via JavaScript:
$('#example').popover(options)
Options
Options can be passed via data attributes or JavaScript. For data attributes, append the option name to data-, as in data-animation="".
Name
Type
Default
Description
animation
boolean
true
Apply a CSS fade transition to the popover
container
string | false
false
Appends the popover to a specific element. Example: container: 'body'. This option is particularly useful in that it allows you to position the popover in the flow of the document near the triggering element - which will prevent the popover from floating away from the triggering element during a window resize.
content
string | function
''
Default content value if data-content attribute isn't present.
If a function is given, it will be called with its this reference set to the element that the popover is attached to.
delay
number | object
0
Delay showing and hiding the popover (ms) - does not apply to manual trigger type
If a number is supplied, delay is applied to both hide/show
Object structure is: delay: { "show": 500, "hide": 100 }
html
boolean
false
Insert HTML into the popover. If false, jQuery's text method will be used to insert content into the DOM. Use text if you're worried about XSS attacks.
placement
string | function
'right'
How to position the popover - top | bottom | left | right | auto. When "auto" is specified, it will dynamically reorient the popover. For example, if placement is "auto left", the popover will display to the left when possible, otherwise it will display right.
When a function is used to determine the placement, it is called with the popover DOM node as its first argument and the triggering element DOM node as its second. The this context is set to the popover instance.
selector
string
false
If a selector is provided, popover objects will be delegated to the specified targets. In practice, this is used to enable dynamic HTML content to have popovers added. See this and an informative example.
The popover's title will be injected into the .popover-title.
The popover's content will be injected into the .popover-content.
.arrow will become the popover's arrow.
The outermost wrapper element should have the .popover class.
title
string | function
''
Default title value if title attribute isn't present.
If a function is given, it will be called with its this reference set to the element that the popover is attached to.
trigger
string
'click'
How popover is triggered - click | hover | focus | manual. You may pass multiple triggers; separate them with a space. manual cannot be combined with any other trigger.
viewport
string | object | function
{ selector: 'body', padding: 0 }
Keeps the popover within the bounds of this element. Example: viewport: '#viewport' or { "selector": "#viewport", "padding": 0 }
If a function is given, it is called with the triggering element DOM node as its only argument. The this context is set to the popover instance.
Data attributes for individual popovers
Options for individual popovers can alternatively be specified through the use of data attributes, as explained above.
Methods
$().popover(options)
Initializes popovers for an element collection.
.popover('show')
Reveals an element's popover. Returns to the caller before the popover has actually been shown (i.e. before the shown.bs.popover event occurs). This is considered a "manual" triggering of the popover. Popovers whose both title and content are zero-length are never displayed.
$('#element').popover('show')
.popover('hide')
Hides an element's popover. Returns to the caller before the popover has actually been hidden (i.e. before the hidden.bs.popover event occurs). This is considered a "manual" triggering of the popover.
$('#element').popover('hide')
.popover('toggle')
Toggles an element's popover. Returns to the caller before the popover has actually been shown or hidden (i.e. before the shown.bs.popover or hidden.bs.popover event occurs). This is considered a "manual" triggering of the popover.
$('#element').popover('toggle')
.popover('destroy')
Hides and destroys an element's popover. Popovers that use delegation (which are created using the selector option) cannot be individually destroyed on descendant trigger elements.
$('#element').popover('destroy')
Events
Event Type
Description
show.bs.popover
This event fires immediately when the show instance method is called.
shown.bs.popover
This event is fired when the popover has been made visible to the user (will wait for CSS transitions to complete).
hide.bs.popover
This event is fired immediately when the hide instance method has been called.
hidden.bs.popover
This event is fired when the popover has finished being hidden from the user (will wait for CSS transitions to complete).
inserted.bs.popover
This event is fired after the show.bs.popover event when the popover template has been added to the DOM.
$('#myPopover').on('hidden.bs.popover',function(){
- // do something…
-})
Alert messages alert.js
Example alerts
Add dismiss functionality to all alert messages with this plugin.
When using a .close button, it must be the first child of the .alert-dismissible and no text content may come before it in the markup.
Holy guacamole! Best check yo self, you're not looking too good.
Oh snap! You got an error!
Change this and that and try again. Duis mollis, est non commodo luctus, nisi erat porttitor ligula, eget lacinia odio sem nec elit. Cras mattis consectetur purus sit amet fermentum.
Usage
Just add data-dismiss="alert" to your close button to automatically give an alert close functionality. Closing an alert removes it from the DOM.
To have your alerts use animation when closing, make sure they have the .fade and .in classes already applied to them.
Methods
$().alert()
Makes an alert listen for click events on descendant elements which have the data-dismiss="alert" attribute. (Not necessary when using the data-api's auto-initialization.)
$().alert('close')
Closes an alert by removing it from the DOM. If the .fade and .in classes are present on the element, the alert will fade out before it is removed.
Events
Bootstrap's alert plugin exposes a few events for hooking into alert functionality.
Event Type
Description
close.bs.alert
This event fires immediately when the close instance method is called.
closed.bs.alert
This event is fired when the alert has been closed (will wait for CSS transitions to complete).
$('#myAlert').on('closed.bs.alert',function(){
- // do something…
-})
Buttons button.js
Do more with buttons. Control button states or create groups of buttons for more components like toolbars.
Add data-toggle="button" to activate toggling on a single button.
Pre-toggled buttons need .active and aria-pressed="true"
For pre-toggled buttons, you must add the .active class and the aria-pressed="true" attribute to the button yourself.
<buttontype="button"class="btn btn-primary"data-toggle="button"aria-pressed="false"autocomplete="off">
- Single toggle
-</button>
Checkbox / Radio
Add data-toggle="buttons" to a .btn-group containing checkbox or radio inputs to enable toggling in their respective styles.
Preselected options need .active
For preselected options, you must add the .active class to the input's label yourself.
Visual checked state only updated on click
If the checked state of a checkbox button is updated without firing a click event on the button (e.g. via <input type="reset"> or via setting the checked property of the input), you will need to toggle the .active class on the input's label yourself.
Anim pariatur cliche reprehenderit, enim eiusmod high life accusamus terry richardson ad squid. Nihil anim keffiyeh helvetica, craft beer labore wes anderson cred nesciunt sapiente ea proident.
<aclass="btn btn-primary"role="button"data-toggle="collapse"href="#collapseExample"aria-expanded="false"aria-controls="collapseExample">
- Link with href
-</a>
-<buttonclass="btn btn-primary"type="button"data-toggle="collapse"data-target="#collapseExample"aria-expanded="false"aria-controls="collapseExample">
- Button with data-target
-</button>
-<divclass="collapse"id="collapseExample">
- <divclass="well">
- ...
- </div>
-</div>
Accordion example
Extend the default collapse behavior to create an accordion with the panel component.
Anim pariatur cliche reprehenderit, enim eiusmod high life accusamus terry richardson ad squid. 3 wolf moon officia aute, non cupidatat skateboard dolor brunch. Food truck quinoa nesciunt laborum eiusmod. Brunch 3 wolf moon tempor, sunt aliqua put a bird on it squid single-origin coffee nulla assumenda shoreditch et. Nihil anim keffiyeh helvetica, craft beer labore wes anderson cred nesciunt sapiente ea proident. Ad vegan excepteur butcher vice lomo. Leggings occaecat craft beer farm-to-table, raw denim aesthetic synth nesciunt you probably haven't heard of them accusamus labore sustainable VHS.
Anim pariatur cliche reprehenderit, enim eiusmod high life accusamus terry richardson ad squid. 3 wolf moon officia aute, non cupidatat skateboard dolor brunch. Food truck quinoa nesciunt laborum eiusmod. Brunch 3 wolf moon tempor, sunt aliqua put a bird on it squid single-origin coffee nulla assumenda shoreditch et. Nihil anim keffiyeh helvetica, craft beer labore wes anderson cred nesciunt sapiente ea proident. Ad vegan excepteur butcher vice lomo. Leggings occaecat craft beer farm-to-table, raw denim aesthetic synth nesciunt you probably haven't heard of them accusamus labore sustainable VHS.
Anim pariatur cliche reprehenderit, enim eiusmod high life accusamus terry richardson ad squid. 3 wolf moon officia aute, non cupidatat skateboard dolor brunch. Food truck quinoa nesciunt laborum eiusmod. Brunch 3 wolf moon tempor, sunt aliqua put a bird on it squid single-origin coffee nulla assumenda shoreditch et. Nihil anim keffiyeh helvetica, craft beer labore wes anderson cred nesciunt sapiente ea proident. Ad vegan excepteur butcher vice lomo. Leggings occaecat craft beer farm-to-table, raw denim aesthetic synth nesciunt you probably haven't heard of them accusamus labore sustainable VHS.
<divclass="panel-group"id="accordion"role="tablist"aria-multiselectable="true">
- <divclass="panel panel-default">
- <divclass="panel-heading"role="tab"id="headingOne">
- <h4class="panel-title">
- <arole="button"data-toggle="collapse"data-parent="#accordion"href="#collapseOne"aria-expanded="true"aria-controls="collapseOne">
- Collapsible Group Item #1
- </a>
- </h4>
- </div>
- <divid="collapseOne"class="panel-collapse collapse in"role="tabpanel"aria-labelledby="headingOne">
- <divclass="panel-body">
- Anim pariatur cliche reprehenderit, enim eiusmod high life accusamus terry richardson ad squid. 3 wolf moon officia aute, non cupidatat skateboard dolor brunch. Food truck quinoa nesciunt laborum eiusmod. Brunch 3 wolf moon tempor, sunt aliqua put a bird on it squid single-origin coffee nulla assumenda shoreditch et. Nihil anim keffiyeh helvetica, craft beer labore wes anderson cred nesciunt sapiente ea proident. Ad vegan excepteur butcher vice lomo. Leggings occaecat craft beer farm-to-table, raw denim aesthetic synth nesciunt you probably haven't heard of them accusamus labore sustainable VHS.
- </div>
- </div>
- </div>
- <divclass="panel panel-default">
- <divclass="panel-heading"role="tab"id="headingTwo">
- <h4class="panel-title">
- <aclass="collapsed"role="button"data-toggle="collapse"data-parent="#accordion"href="#collapseTwo"aria-expanded="false"aria-controls="collapseTwo">
- Collapsible Group Item #2
- </a>
- </h4>
- </div>
- <divid="collapseTwo"class="panel-collapse collapse"role="tabpanel"aria-labelledby="headingTwo">
- <divclass="panel-body">
- Anim pariatur cliche reprehenderit, enim eiusmod high life accusamus terry richardson ad squid. 3 wolf moon officia aute, non cupidatat skateboard dolor brunch. Food truck quinoa nesciunt laborum eiusmod. Brunch 3 wolf moon tempor, sunt aliqua put a bird on it squid single-origin coffee nulla assumenda shoreditch et. Nihil anim keffiyeh helvetica, craft beer labore wes anderson cred nesciunt sapiente ea proident. Ad vegan excepteur butcher vice lomo. Leggings occaecat craft beer farm-to-table, raw denim aesthetic synth nesciunt you probably haven't heard of them accusamus labore sustainable VHS.
- </div>
- </div>
- </div>
- <divclass="panel panel-default">
- <divclass="panel-heading"role="tab"id="headingThree">
- <h4class="panel-title">
- <aclass="collapsed"role="button"data-toggle="collapse"data-parent="#accordion"href="#collapseThree"aria-expanded="false"aria-controls="collapseThree">
- Collapsible Group Item #3
- </a>
- </h4>
- </div>
- <divid="collapseThree"class="panel-collapse collapse"role="tabpanel"aria-labelledby="headingThree">
- <divclass="panel-body">
- Anim pariatur cliche reprehenderit, enim eiusmod high life accusamus terry richardson ad squid. 3 wolf moon officia aute, non cupidatat skateboard dolor brunch. Food truck quinoa nesciunt laborum eiusmod. Brunch 3 wolf moon tempor, sunt aliqua put a bird on it squid single-origin coffee nulla assumenda shoreditch et. Nihil anim keffiyeh helvetica, craft beer labore wes anderson cred nesciunt sapiente ea proident. Ad vegan excepteur butcher vice lomo. Leggings occaecat craft beer farm-to-table, raw denim aesthetic synth nesciunt you probably haven't heard of them accusamus labore sustainable VHS.
- </div>
- </div>
- </div>
-</div>
It's also possible to swap out .panel-bodys with .list-groups.
Be sure to add aria-expanded to the control element. This attribute explicitly defines the current state of the collapsible element to screen readers and similar assistive technologies. If the collapsible element is closed by default, it should have a value of aria-expanded="false". If you've set the collapsible element to be open by default using the in class, set aria-expanded="true" on the control instead. The plugin will automatically toggle this attribute based on whether or not the collapsible element has been opened or closed.
Additionally, if your control element is targeting a single collapsible element – i.e. the data-target attribute is pointing to an id selector – you may add an additional aria-controls attribute to the control element, containing the id of the collapsible element. Modern screen readers and similar assistive technologies make use of this attribute to provide users with additional shortcuts to navigate directly to the collapsible element itself.
Usage
The collapse plugin utilizes a few classes to handle the heavy lifting:
.collapse hides the content
.collapse.in shows the content
.collapsing is added when the transition starts, and removed when it finishes
These classes can be found in component-animations.less.
Via data attributes
Just add data-toggle="collapse" and a data-target to the element to automatically assign control of a collapsible element. The data-target attribute accepts a CSS selector to apply the collapse to. Be sure to add the class collapse to the collapsible element. If you'd like it to default open, add the additional class in.
To add accordion-like group management to a collapsible control, add the data attribute data-parent="#selector". Refer to the demo to see this in action.
Via JavaScript
Enable manually with:
$('.collapse').collapse()
Options
Options can be passed via data attributes or JavaScript. For data attributes, append the option name to data-, as in data-parent="".
Name
type
default
description
parent
selector
false
If a selector is provided, then all collapsible elements under the specified parent will be closed when this collapsible item is shown. (similar to traditional accordion behavior - this is dependent on the panel class)
toggle
boolean
true
Toggles the collapsible element on invocation
Methods
.collapse(options)
Activates your content as a collapsible element. Accepts an optional options object.
$('#myCollapsible').collapse({
- toggle:false
-})
.collapse('toggle')
Toggles a collapsible element to shown or hidden. Returns to the caller before the collapsible element has actually been shown or hidden (i.e. before the shown.bs.collapse or hidden.bs.collapse event occurs).
.collapse('show')
Shows a collapsible element. Returns to the caller before the collapsible element has actually been shown (i.e. before the shown.bs.collapse event occurs).
.collapse('hide')
Hides a collapsible element. Returns to the caller before the collapsible element has actually been hidden (i.e. before the hidden.bs.collapse event occurs).
Events
Bootstrap's collapse class exposes a few events for hooking into collapse functionality.
Event Type
Description
show.bs.collapse
This event fires immediately when the show instance method is called.
shown.bs.collapse
This event is fired when a collapse element has been made visible to the user (will wait for CSS transitions to complete).
hide.bs.collapse
This event is fired immediately when the hide method has been called.
hidden.bs.collapse
This event is fired when a collapse element has been hidden from the user (will wait for CSS transitions to complete).
$('#myCollapsible').on('hidden.bs.collapse',function(){
- // do something…
-})
Carousel carousel.js
A slideshow component for cycling through elements, like a carousel. Nested carousels are not supported.
The carousel component is generally not compliant with accessibility standards. If you need to be compliant, please consider other options for presenting your content.
Transition animations not supported in Internet Explorer 8 & 9
Bootstrap exclusively uses CSS3 for its animations, but Internet Explorer 8 & 9 don't support the necessary CSS properties. Thus, there are no slide transition animations when using these browsers. We have intentionally decided not to include jQuery-based fallbacks for the transitions.
Initial active element required
The .active class needs to be added to one of the slides. Otherwise, the carousel will not be visible.
Glyphicon icons not necessary
The .glyphicon .glyphicon-chevron-left and .glyphicon .glyphicon-chevron-right classes are not necessarily needed for the controls. Bootstrap provides .icon-prev and .icon-next as plain unicode alternatives.
Optional captions
Add captions to your slides easily with the .carousel-caption element within any .item. Place just about any optional HTML within there and it will be automatically aligned and formatted.
First slide label
Nulla vitae elit libero, a pharetra augue mollis interdum.
Second slide label
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit.
Third slide label
Praesent commodo cursus magna, vel scelerisque nisl consectetur.
Carousels require the use of an id on the outermost container (the .carousel) for carousel controls to function properly. When adding multiple carousels, or when changing a carousel's id, be sure to update the relevant controls.
Via data attributes
Use data attributes to easily control the position of the carousel. data-slide accepts the keywords prev or next, which alters the slide position relative to its current position. Alternatively, use data-slide-to to pass a raw slide index to the carousel data-slide-to="2", which shifts the slide position to a particular index beginning with 0.
The data-ride="carousel" attribute is used to mark a carousel as animating starting at page load. It cannot be used in combination with (redundant and unnecessary) explicit JavaScript initialization of the same carousel.
Via JavaScript
Call carousel manually with:
$('.carousel').carousel()
Options
Options can be passed via data attributes or JavaScript. For data attributes, append the option name to data-, as in data-interval="".
Name
type
default
description
interval
number
5000
The amount of time to delay between automatically cycling an item. If false, carousel will not automatically cycle.
pause
string | null
"hover"
If set to "hover", pauses the cycling of the carousel on mouseenter and resumes the cycling of the carousel on mouseleave. If set to null, hovering over the carousel won't pause it.
wrap
boolean
true
Whether the carousel should cycle continuously or have hard stops.
keyboard
boolean
true
Whether the carousel should react to keyboard events.
Methods
.carousel(options)
Initializes the carousel with an optional options object and starts cycling through items.
$('.carousel').carousel({
- interval:2000
-})
.carousel('cycle')
Cycles through the carousel items from left to right.
.carousel('pause')
Stops the carousel from cycling through items.
.carousel(number)
Cycles the carousel to a particular frame (0 based, similar to an array).
.carousel('prev')
Cycles to the previous item.
.carousel('next')
Cycles to the next item.
Events
Bootstrap's carousel class exposes two events for hooking into carousel functionality.
Both events have the following additional properties:
direction: The direction in which the carousel is sliding (either "left" or "right").
relatedTarget: The DOM element that is being slid into place as the active item.
All carousel events are fired at the carousel itself (i.e. at the <div class="carousel">).
Event Type
Description
slide.bs.carousel
This event fires immediately when the slide instance method is invoked.
slid.bs.carousel
This event is fired when the carousel has completed its slide transition.
$('#myCarousel').on('slide.bs.carousel',function(){
- // do something…
-})
Affix affix.js
Example
The affix plugin toggles position: fixed; on and off, emulating the effect found with position: sticky;. The subnavigation on the right is a live demo of the affix plugin.
Usage
Use the affix plugin via data attributes or manually with your own JavaScript. In both situations, you must provide CSS for the positioning and width of your affixed content.
Note: Do not use the affix plugin on an element contained in a relatively positioned element, such as a pulled or pushed column, due to a Safari rendering bug.
Positioning via CSS
The affix plugin toggles between three classes, each representing a particular state: .affix, .affix-top, and .affix-bottom. You must provide the styles, with the exception of position: fixed; on .affix, for these classes yourself (independent of this plugin) to handle the actual positions.
Here's how the affix plugin works:
To start, the plugin adds .affix-top to indicate the element is in its top-most position. At this point no CSS positioning is required.
Scrolling past the element you want affixed should trigger the actual affixing. This is where .affix replaces .affix-top and sets position: fixed; (provided by Bootstrap's CSS).
If a bottom offset is defined, scrolling past it should replace .affix with .affix-bottom. Since offsets are optional, setting one requires you to set the appropriate CSS. In this case, add position: absolute; when necessary. The plugin uses the data attribute or JavaScript option to determine where to position the element from there.
Follow the above steps to set your CSS for either of the usage options below.
Via data attributes
To easily add affix behavior to any element, just add data-spy="affix" to the element you want to spy on. Use offsets to define when to toggle the pinning of an element.
Options can be passed via data attributes or JavaScript. For data attributes, append the option name to data-, as in data-offset-top="200".
Name
type
default
description
offset
number | function | object
10
Pixels to offset from screen when calculating position of scroll. If a single number is provided, the offset will be applied in both top and bottom directions. To provide a unique, bottom and top offset just provide an object offset: { top: 10 } or offset: { top: 10, bottom: 5 }. Use a function when you need to dynamically calculate an offset.
target
selector | node | jQuery element
the window object
Specifies the target element of the affix.
Methods
.affix(options)
Activates your content as affixed content. Accepts an optional options object.
$('#myAffix').affix({
- offset:15
-})
.affix('checkPosition')
Recalculates the state of the affix based on the dimensions, position, and scroll position of the relevant elements. The .affix, .affix-top, and .affix-bottom classes are added to or removed from the affixed content according to the new state. This method needs to be called whenever the dimensions of the affixed content or the target element are changed, to ensure correct positioning of the affixed content.
$('#myAffix').affix('checkPosition')
Events
Bootstrap's affix plugin exposes a few events for hooking into affix functionality.
Event Type
Description
affix.bs.affix
This event fires immediately before the element has been affixed.
affixed.bs.affix
This event is fired after the element has been affixed.
affix-top.bs.affix
This event fires immediately before the element has been affixed-top.
affixed-top.bs.affix
This event is fired after the element has been affixed-top.
affix-bottom.bs.affix
This event fires immediately before the element has been affixed-bottom.
affixed-bottom.bs.affix
This event is fired after the element has been affixed-bottom.
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+
+
+ Redirecting…
+
+
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Mark Otto @mdo 
Jacob Thornton @fat 
Chris Rebert @cvrebert 
Julian Thilo @juthilo 
XhmikosR @xhmikosr 
Heinrich Fenkart @hnrch02 
Patrick H. Lauke @patrickhlauke 
Thomas McDonald @thomas-mcdonald 
Gleb Mazovetskiy @glebm 
