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# Buildah Tutorial 5
## Using Buildah to build images in a rootless OpenShift container
This tutorial will walk you through setting up a container in OpenShift for building images.
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The instructions have been tested on OpenShift 4.16 with Buildah 1.36.0.
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Note that we can use overlay for copy-on-write storage if we ensure that the storage used in
the builder container ends up in an emptyDir volume.
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### Prepare a new namespace
Create a new project in OpenShift called `image-build` .
Make the registry URL available to the following steps.
*Note that you need to change this so it matches your OpenShift installation.*
````console
$ export REGISTRY_URL=default-route-openshift-image-registry.apps.whatever.com
````
Login to OpenShift and its registry:
````console
$ oc login -n image-build
Username: ...
Password: ...
Login successful.
You have access to N projects, the list has been suppressed. You can list all projects with 'oc projects'
Using project "image-build".
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$ oc whoami -t | buildah login --tls-verify=false -u $(id -u -n) --password-stdin $REGISTRY_URL
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Login Succeeded!
````
### Make builder image
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This is the image that will host the building. It uses the Buildah stable official image, which is based on Fedora 35.
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The image starts a python web server. This allows us to interact with the container via the OpenShift console terminal, demonstrating that building an image works.
First create an ImageStream to hold the image:
````console
$ oc create -f - < < EOF
apiVersion: image.openshift.io/v1
kind: ImageStream
metadata:
name: buildah
EOF
imagestream.image.openshift.io/buildah created
````
Then create the image.
Note that no packages are updated - this should ensure that this tutorial is actually working.
If you are making anything for use in the real world, make sure to update it frequently for security fixes!
````console
$ cat > Containerfile-buildah < < EOF
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FROM quay.io/buildah/stable:v1.36.0
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RUN touch /etc/subgid /etc/subuid \
& & chmod g=u /etc/subgid /etc/subuid /etc/passwd \
& & echo build:10000:65536 > /etc/subuid \
& & echo build:10000:65536 > /etc/subgid
# Use chroot since the default runc does not work when running rootless
RUN echo "export BUILDAH_ISOLATION=chroot" >> /home/build/.bashrc
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# Use overlay
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RUN mkdir -p /home/build/.config/containers \
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& & (echo '[storage]';echo 'driver = "overlay"') > /home/build/.config/containers/storage.conf
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USER build
WORKDIR /home/build
# Just keep the container running, allowing "oc rsh" access
CMD ["python3", "-m", "http.server"]
EOF
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$ buildah build --layers -t $REGISTRY_URL/image-build/buildah -f Containerfile-buildah
STEP 1/7: FROM quay.io/buildah/stable:v1.36.0
STEP 2/7: RUN touch /etc/subgid /etc/subuid & & chmod g=u /etc/subgid /etc/subuid /etc/passwd & & echo build:10000:65536 > /etc/subuid & & echo build:10000:65536 > /etc/subgid
--> e6ee6fcc2d94
STEP 3/7: RUN echo "export BUILDAH_ISOLATION=chroot" >> /home/build/.bashrc
--> 4327c8743bcc
STEP 4/7: RUN mkdir -p /home/build/.config/containers & & (echo '[storage]';echo 'driver = "overlay"') > /home/build/.config/containers/storage.conf
--> c405cbcd1132
STEP 5/7: USER build
--> 2c97c1162233
STEP 6/7: WORKDIR /home/build
--> 78d6367c298f
STEP 7/7: CMD ["python3", "-m", "http.server"]
COMMIT default-route-openshift-image-registry.apps-crc.testing/image-build/buildah
--> a872961c3fa9
$ buildah push --tls-verify=false $REGISTRY_URL/image-build/buildah
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Getting image source signatures
...
Storing signatures
````
### Create Service Account for building images
Create a service account which is solely used for image building.
````console
$ oc create -f - < < EOF
apiVersion: v1
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:
name: buildah-sa
EOF
serviceaccount/buildah-sa created
````
You need to assign it the ability to run as the standard `anyuid` [SCC ](https://docs.openshift.com/container-platform/4.3/authentication/managing-security-context-constraints.html ).
````console
$ oc adm policy add-scc-to-user anyuid -z buildah-sa
clusterrole.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/system:openshift:scc:anyuid added: "buildah-sa"
````
This will give the container *cap_kill* , *cap_setgid* , and *cap_setuid* capabilities which are extras compared to the `restricted` SCC.
Note that *cap_kill* is dropped by the DeploymentConfig, but the two others are required to execute commands with different user ids as an image is built.
With this in place, when you get the Pod running (in a little while!), its YAML state will contain:
````
kind: Pod
metadata:
...
openshift.io/scc: anyuid
...
````
Which tells you that the Pod has been launched with the correct permissions.
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#### Create ReplicationController
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This is a simple RC just to get the container running.
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Note that it drops CAP_KILL which is not required.
````console
$ oc create -f - < < EOF
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apiVersion: v1
kind: ReplicationController
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metadata:
name: buildah
spec:
selector:
app: image-builder
replicas: 1
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: image-builder
spec:
serviceAccount: buildah-sa
containers:
- name: buildah
image: image-registry.openshift-image-registry.svc:5000/image-build/buildah
securityContext:
capabilities:
drop:
- KILL
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volumeMounts:
- name: containersstorage
mountPath: /home/build/.local/share/containers/storage
volumes:
- name: containersstorage
emptyDir:
medium: ""
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EOF
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replicationcontroller/buildah created
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````
#### The Buildah container
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In the OpenShift console you can now open the Pod's terminal (or run `oc rsh rc/buildah` at the command line) and try building an image.
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This is what the user/platform should look like:
````console
sh-5.0$ id
uid=1000(build) gid=1000(build) groups=1000(build)
sh-5.0$ uname -a
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Linux buildah-vtwfs 5.14.0-427.22.1.el9_4.x86_64 #1 SMP PREEMPT_DYNAMIC Mon Jun 10 09:23:36 EDT 2024 x86_64 GNU/Linux
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sh-5.0$ capsh --print
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Current: =
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Bounding set =cap_chown,cap_dac_override,cap_fowner,cap_fsetid,cap_setgid,cap_setuid,cap_setpcap,cap_net_bind_service
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Ambient set =
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Current IAB: !cap_dac_read_search,!cap_kill,!cap_linux_immutable,!cap_net_broadcast,!cap_net_admin,!cap_net_raw,!cap_ipc_lock,!cap_ipc_owner,!cap_sys_module,!cap_sys_rawio,!cap_sys_chroot,!cap_sys_ptrace,!cap_sys_pacct,!cap_sys_admin,!cap_sys_boot,!cap_sys_nice,!cap_sys_resource,!cap_sys_time,!cap_sys_tty_config,!cap_mknod,!cap_lease,!cap_audit_write,!cap_audit_control,!cap_setfcap,!cap_mac_override,!cap_mac_admin,!cap_syslog,!cap_wake_alarm,!cap_block_suspend,!cap_audit_read,!cap_perfmon,!cap_bpf,!cap_checkpoint_restore
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Securebits: 00/0x0/1'b0 (no-new-privs=0)
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secure-noroot: no (unlocked)
secure-no-suid-fixup: no (unlocked)
secure-keep-caps: no (unlocked)
secure-no-ambient-raise: no (unlocked)
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uid=1000(build) euid=1000(build)
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gid=1000(build)
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groups=1000(build)
Guessed mode: HYBRID (4)
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````
This is what the Buildah data should look like:
````console
sh-5.0$ buildah version
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Version: 1.36.0
Go Version: go1.22.3
Image Spec: 1.1.0
Runtime Spec: 1.2.0
CNI Spec: 1.0.0
libcni Version:
image Version: 5.31.0
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Git Commit:
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Built: Mon May 27 13:11:54 2024
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OS/Arch: linux/amd64
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BuildPlatform: linux/amd64
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sh-5.0$ buildah info
{
"host": {
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"CgroupVersion": "v2",
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"Distribution": {
"distribution": "fedora",
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"version": "40"
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},
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"MemFree": 570695680,
"MemTotal": 10916950016,
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"OCIRuntime": "crun",
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"SwapFree": 0,
"SwapTotal": 0,
"arch": "amd64",
"cpus": 4,
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"hostname": "buildah-hgdcd-debug-dsvsf",
"kernel": "5.14.0-427.22.1.el9_4.x86_64",
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"os": "linux",
"rootless": true,
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"uptime": "1h 6m 11.06s (Approximately 0.04 days)",
"variant": ""
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},
"store": {
"ContainerStore": {
"number": 0
},
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"GraphDriverName": "overlay",
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"GraphOptions": null,
"GraphRoot": "/home/build/.local/share/containers/storage",
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"GraphStatus": {
"Backing Filesystem": "xfs",
"Native Overlay Diff": "true",
"Supports d_type": "true",
"Supports shifting": "false",
"Supports volatile": "true",
"Using metacopy": "false"
},
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"ImageStore": {
"number": 0
},
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"RunRoot": "/var/tmp/storage-run-1000/containers"
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}
}
````
#### Building an image
Now create some files for testing.
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This container test file exercises at least some of the critical parts of building an image (package update/installation, execution of commands, and use of volumes).
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````console
sh-5.0$ cat > test-script.sh < < EOF
#/bin/bash
echo "Args \$*"
ls -l /
EOF
sh-5.0$ chmod +x test-script.sh
sh-5.0$ cat > Containerfile.test < < EOF
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FROM fedora:40
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RUN ls -l /test-script.sh
RUN /test-script.sh "Hello world"
RUN dnf update -y | tee /output/update-output.txt
RUN dnf install -y gcc
EOF
sh-5.0$ mkdir output
````
And finally build the image, testing that everything works as expected:
````console
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sh-5.0$ buildah build --layers -v /home/build/output:/output:rw -v /home/build/test-script.sh:/test-script.sh:ro -t myimage -f Containerfile.test
FROM fedora:40
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RUN ls -l /test-script.sh
RUN /test-script.sh "Hello world"
RUN dnf update -y | tee /output/update-output.txt
RUN dnf install -y gcc
EOF
sh-5.1$ mkdir output
sh-5.1$ buildah -v /home/build/output:/output:rw -v /home/build/test-script.sh:/test-script.sh:ro build-using-dockerfile -t myimage -f Containerfile.test
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STEP 1/5: FROM fedora:40
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Resolved "fedora" as an alias (/etc/containers/registries.conf.d/000-shortnames.conf)
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Trying to pull registry.fedoraproject.org/fedora:40...
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Getting image source signatures
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Copying blob 6d5785fdf371 done |
Copying config b8638217aa done |
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Writing manifest to image destination
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STEP 2/5: RUN ls -l /test-script.sh
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-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 34 Aug 5 18:33 /test-script.sh
--> a73b603bca4d
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STEP 3/5: RUN /test-script.sh "Hello world"
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Args Hello world
total 8
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dr-xr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Jan 24 2024 afs
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 7 Jan 24 2024 bin -> usr/bin
dr-xr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Jan 24 2024 boot
drwxr-xr-x. 5 nobody nobody 380 Aug 5 18:32 dev
drwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 41 Aug 5 18:35 etc
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Jan 24 2024 home
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 7 Jan 24 2024 lib -> usr/lib
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 9 Jan 24 2024 lib64 -> usr/lib64
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Jan 24 2024 media
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Jan 24 2024 mnt
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Jan 24 2024 opt
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Aug 5 18:34 output
dr-xr-xr-x. 465 nobody nobody 0 Aug 5 18:32 proc
dr-xr-x---. 2 root root 91 Aug 5 05:47 root
drwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 42 Aug 5 18:35 run
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 8 Jan 24 2024 sbin -> usr/sbin
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Jan 24 2024 srv
dr-xr-xr-x. 13 nobody nobody 0 Aug 5 17:26 sys
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 34 Aug 5 18:33 test-script.sh
drwxrwxrwt. 2 root root 6 Jan 24 2024 tmp
drwxr-xr-x. 12 root root 144 Aug 5 05:47 usr
drwxr-xr-x. 18 root root 4096 Aug 5 05:47 var
--> 3a1192fe0ecf
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STEP 4/5: RUN dnf update -y | tee /output/update-output.txt
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Fedora 40 - x86_64 9.4 MB/s | 20 MB 00:02
Fedora 40 openh264 (From Cisco) - x86_64 3.5 kB/s | 1.4 kB 00:00
Fedora 40 - x86_64 - Updates 9.9 MB/s | 9.1 MB 00:00
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Dependencies resolved.
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Nothing to do.
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Complete!
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--> 5026f20f0ad1
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STEP 5/5: RUN dnf install -y gcc
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Last metadata expiration check: 0:00:06 ago on Mon Aug 5 18:35:25 2024.
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Dependencies resolved.
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================================================================================
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Package Arch Version Repository Size
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================================================================================
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Installing:
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gcc x86_64 14.2.1-1.fc40 updates 37 M
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Installing dependencies:
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binutils x86_64 2.41-37.fc40 updates 6.2 M
binutils-gold x86_64 2.41-37.fc40 updates 781 k
cpp x86_64 14.2.1-1.fc40 updates 12 M
elfutils-debuginfod-client x86_64 0.191-4.fc40 fedora 38 k
gc x86_64 8.2.2-6.fc40 fedora 110 k
glibc-devel x86_64 2.39-17.fc40 updates 114 k
glibc-headers-x86 noarch 2.39-17.fc40 updates 608 k
guile30 x86_64 3.0.7-12.fc40 fedora 8.1 M
jansson x86_64 2.13.1-9.fc40 fedora 44 k
kernel-headers x86_64 6.9.4-200.fc40 updates 1.6 M
libmpc x86_64 1.3.1-5.fc40 fedora 71 k
libpkgconf x86_64 2.1.1-1.fc40 updates 38 k
libxcrypt-devel x86_64 4.4.36-5.fc40 fedora 29 k
make x86_64 1:4.4.1-6.fc40 fedora 588 k
pkgconf x86_64 2.1.1-1.fc40 updates 44 k
pkgconf-m4 noarch 2.1.1-1.fc40 updates 14 k
pkgconf-pkg-config x86_64 2.1.1-1.fc40 updates 9.9 k
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Transaction Summary
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================================================================================
Install 18 Packages
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Total download size: 67 M
Installed size: 230 M
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Downloading Packages:
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(1/18): elfutils-debuginfod-client-0.191-4.fc40 57 kB/s | 38 kB 00:00
(2/18): gc-8.2.2-6.fc40.x86_64.rpm 146 kB/s | 110 kB 00:00
(3/18): jansson-2.13.1-9.fc40.x86_64.rpm 254 kB/s | 44 kB 00:00
(4/18): libmpc-1.3.1-5.fc40.x86_64.rpm 420 kB/s | 71 kB 00:00
(5/18): libxcrypt-devel-4.4.36-5.fc40.x86_64.rp 336 kB/s | 29 kB 00:00
(6/18): make-4.4.1-6.fc40.x86_64.rpm 739 kB/s | 588 kB 00:00
(7/18): binutils-2.41-37.fc40.x86_64.rpm 6.4 MB/s | 6.2 MB 00:00
(8/18): cpp-14.2.1-1.fc40.x86_64.rpm 28 MB/s | 12 MB 00:00
(9/18): binutils-gold-2.41-37.fc40.x86_64.rpm 732 kB/s | 781 kB 00:01
(10/18): glibc-devel-2.39-17.fc40.x86_64.rpm 982 kB/s | 114 kB 00:00
(11/18): glibc-headers-x86-2.39-17.fc40.noarch. 3.1 MB/s | 608 kB 00:00
(12/18): kernel-headers-6.9.4-200.fc40.x86_64.r 4.1 MB/s | 1.6 MB 00:00
(13/18): libpkgconf-2.1.1-1.fc40.x86_64.rpm 376 kB/s | 38 kB 00:00
(14/18): gcc-14.2.1-1.fc40.x86_64.rpm 27 MB/s | 37 MB 00:01
(15/18): pkgconf-2.1.1-1.fc40.x86_64.rpm 403 kB/s | 44 kB 00:00
(16/18): pkgconf-m4-2.1.1-1.fc40.noarch.rpm 180 kB/s | 14 kB 00:00
(17/18): pkgconf-pkg-config-2.1.1-1.fc40.x86_64 120 kB/s | 9.9 kB 00:00
(18/18): guile30-3.0.7-12.fc40.x86_64.rpm 685 kB/s | 8.1 MB 00:12
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Total 5.4 MB/s | 67 MB 00:12
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Running transaction check
Transaction check succeeded.
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded.
Running transaction
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Preparing : 1/1
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Installing : libmpc-1.3.1-5.fc40.x86_64 1/18
Installing : jansson-2.13.1-9.fc40.x86_64 2/18
Installing : cpp-14.2.1-1.fc40.x86_64 3/18
Installing : pkgconf-m4-2.1.1-1.fc40.noarch 4/18
Installing : libpkgconf-2.1.1-1.fc40.x86_64 5/18
Installing : pkgconf-2.1.1-1.fc40.x86_64 6/18
Installing : pkgconf-pkg-config-2.1.1-1.fc40.x86_64 7/18
Installing : kernel-headers-6.9.4-200.fc40.x86_64 8/18
Installing : glibc-headers-x86-2.39-17.fc40.noarch 9/18
Installing : glibc-devel-2.39-17.fc40.x86_64 10/18
Installing : libxcrypt-devel-4.4.36-5.fc40.x86_64 11/18
Installing : gc-8.2.2-6.fc40.x86_64 12/18
Installing : guile30-3.0.7-12.fc40.x86_64 13/18
Installing : make-1:4.4.1-6.fc40.x86_64 14/18
Installing : elfutils-debuginfod-client-0.191-4.fc40.x86_64 15/18
Installing : binutils-gold-2.41-37.fc40.x86_64 16/18
Running scriptlet: binutils-gold-2.41-37.fc40.x86_64 16/18
Installing : binutils-2.41-37.fc40.x86_64 17/18
Running scriptlet: binutils-2.41-37.fc40.x86_64 17/18
Installing : gcc-14.2.1-1.fc40.x86_64 18/18
Running scriptlet: gcc-14.2.1-1.fc40.x86_64 18/18
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Installed:
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binutils-2.41-37.fc40.x86_64
binutils-gold-2.41-37.fc40.x86_64
cpp-14.2.1-1.fc40.x86_64
elfutils-debuginfod-client-0.191-4.fc40.x86_64
gc-8.2.2-6.fc40.x86_64
gcc-14.2.1-1.fc40.x86_64
glibc-devel-2.39-17.fc40.x86_64
glibc-headers-x86-2.39-17.fc40.noarch
guile30-3.0.7-12.fc40.x86_64
jansson-2.13.1-9.fc40.x86_64
kernel-headers-6.9.4-200.fc40.x86_64
libmpc-1.3.1-5.fc40.x86_64
libpkgconf-2.1.1-1.fc40.x86_64
libxcrypt-devel-4.4.36-5.fc40.x86_64
make-1:4.4.1-6.fc40.x86_64
pkgconf-2.1.1-1.fc40.x86_64
pkgconf-m4-2.1.1-1.fc40.noarch
pkgconf-pkg-config-2.1.1-1.fc40.x86_64
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Complete!
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COMMIT myimage
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--> 087a83c62eb7
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Successfully tagged localhost/myimage:latest
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087a83c62eb73def45ef4542460c18b897a8d018299f15f69a2a6b678d56fcec
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sh-5.0$ buildah images
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE
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localhost/myimage latest 087a83c62eb7 45 seconds ago 533 MB
registry.fedoraproject.org/fedora 40 b8638217aa4e 13 hours ago 233 MB
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sh-5.0$ ls -l output/
total 4
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-rw-r--r--. 1 build build 288 Aug 5 18:35 update-output.txt
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````
