merge app and request context (#5812)

slash in value would be interpreted as a path separator in the URL

.devcontainer/devcontainer.json

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+{
+  "name": "pallets/flask",
+  "image": "mcr.microsoft.com/devcontainers/python:3",
+  "customizations": {
+    "vscode": {
+      "settings": {
+        "python.defaultInterpreterPath": "${workspaceFolder}/.venv",
+        "python.terminal.activateEnvInCurrentTerminal": true,
+        "python.terminal.launchArgs": [
+          "-X",
+          "dev"
+        ]
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  "onCreateCommand": ".devcontainer/on-create-command.sh"
+}

.devcontainer/on-create-command.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+set -e
+python3 -m venv --upgrade-deps .venv
+. .venv/bin/activate
+pip install -r requirements/dev.txt
+pip install -e .
+pre-commit install --install-hooks

.editorconfig

@@ -9,5 +9,5 @@ end_of_line = lf
 charset = utf-8
 max_line_length = 88
 
-[*.{yml,yaml,json,js,css,html}]
+[*.{css,html,js,json,jsx,scss,ts,tsx,yaml,yml}]
 indent_size = 2

.flake8

@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
-[flake8]
-extend-select =
-    # bugbear
-    B
-    # bugbear opinions
-    B9
-    # implicit str concat
-    ISC
-extend-ignore =
-    # slice notation whitespace, invalid
-    E203
-    # line length, handled by bugbear B950
-    E501
-    # bare except, handled by bugbear B001
-    E722
-    # zip with strict=, requires python >= 3.10
-    B905
-    # string formatting opinion, B028 renamed to B907
-    B028
-    B907
-# up to 88 allowed by bugbear B950
-max-line-length = 80
-per-file-ignores =
-    # __init__ exports names
-    src/flask/__init__.py: F401

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug-report.md

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ about: Report a bug in Flask (not other projects which depend on Flask)
 
 <!--
 This issue tracker is a tool to address bugs in Flask itself. Please use
-Pallets Discord or Stack Overflow for questions about your own code.
+GitHub Discussions or the Pallets Discord for questions about your own code.
 
 Replace this comment with a clear outline of what the bug is.
 -->

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/config.yml

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 blank_issues_enabled: false
 contact_links:
   - name: Security issue
-    url: security@palletsprojects.com
-    about: Do not report security issues publicly. Email our security contact.
-  - name: Questions
-    url: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/flask?tab=Frequent
-    about: Search for and ask questions about your code on Stack Overflow.
-  - name: Questions and discussions
+    url: https://github.com/pallets/flask/security/advisories/new
+    about: Do not report security issues publicly. Create a private advisory.
+  - name: Questions on GitHub Discussions
+    url: https://github.com/pallets/flask/discussions/
+    about: Ask questions about your own code on the Discussions tab.
+  - name: Questions on Discord
     url: https://discord.gg/pallets
-    about: Discuss questions about your code on our Discord chat.
+    about: Ask questions about your own code on our Discord chat.

.github/SECURITY.md

@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-# Security Policy
-
-If you believe you have identified a security issue with a Pallets
-project, **do not open a public issue**. To responsibly report a
-security issue, please email security@palletsprojects.com. A security
-team member will contact you acknowledging the report and how to
-continue.
-
-Be sure to include as much detail as necessary in your report. As with
-reporting normal issues, a minimal reproducible example will help the
-maintainers address the issue faster. If you are able, you may also
-include a fix for the issue generated with `git format-patch`.
-
-The current and previous release will receive security patches, with
-older versions evaluated based on usage information and severity.
-
-After fixing an issue, we will make a security release along with an
-announcement on our blog. We may obtain a CVE id as well. You may
-include a name and link if you would like to be credited for the report.

.github/dependabot.yml

@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-version: 2
-updates:
-- package-ecosystem: "github-actions"
-  directory: "/"
-  schedule:
-    interval: "monthly"
-    day: "monday"
-    time: "16:00"
-    timezone: "UTC"

.github/pull_request_template.md

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 <!--
 Before opening a PR, open a ticket describing the issue or feature the
-PR will address. Follow the steps in CONTRIBUTING.rst.
+PR will address. An issue is not required for fixing typos in
+documentation, or other simple non-code changes.
 
 Replace this comment with a description of the change. Describe how it
 addresses the linked ticket.
@@ -9,22 +10,16 @@ addresses the linked ticket.
 <!--
 Link to relevant issues or previous PRs, one per line. Use "fixes" to
 automatically close an issue.
--->
 
-- fixes #<issue number>
+fixes #<issue number>
+-->
 
 <!--
-Ensure each step in CONTRIBUTING.rst is complete by adding an "x" to
-each box below.
+Ensure each step in CONTRIBUTING.rst is complete, especially the following:
 
-If only docs were changed, these aren't relevant and can be removed.
+- Add tests that demonstrate the correct behavior of the change. Tests
+  should fail without the change.
+- Add or update relevant docs, in the docs folder and in code.
+- Add an entry in CHANGES.rst summarizing the change and linking to the issue.
+- Add `.. versionchanged::` entries in any relevant code docs.
 -->
-
-Checklist:
-
-- [ ] Add tests that demonstrate the correct behavior of the change. Tests should fail without the change.
-- [ ] Add or update relevant docs, in the docs folder and in code.
-- [ ] Add an entry in `CHANGES.rst` summarizing the change and linking to the issue.
-- [ ] Add `.. versionchanged::` entries in any relevant code docs.
-- [ ] Run `pre-commit` hooks and fix any issues.
-- [ ] Run `pytest` and `tox`, no tests failed.

.github/workflows/lock.yaml

@@ -1,25 +1,24 @@
-name: 'Lock threads'
-# Lock closed issues that have not received any further activity for
-# two weeks. This does not close open issues, only humans may do that.
-# We find that it is easier to respond to new issues with fresh examples
-# rather than continuing discussions on old issues.
+name: Lock inactive closed issues
+# Lock closed issues that have not received any further activity for two weeks.
+# This does not close open issues, only humans may do that. It is easier to
+# respond to new issues with fresh examples rather than continuing discussions
+# on old issues.
 
 on:
   schedule:
     - cron: '0 0 * * *'
-
 permissions:
   issues: write
   pull-requests: write
-
+  discussions: write
 concurrency:
   group: lock
-
 jobs:
   lock:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - uses: dessant/lock-threads@c1b35aecc5cdb1a34539d14196df55838bb2f836
+      - uses: dessant/lock-threads@1bf7ec25051fe7c00bdd17e6a7cf3d7bfb7dc771 # v5.0.1
         with:
           issue-inactive-days: 14
           pr-inactive-days: 14
+          discussion-inactive-days: 14

.github/workflows/pre-commit.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+name: pre-commit
+on:
+  pull_request:
+  push:
+    branches: [main, stable]
+jobs:
+  main:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
+      - uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@d9e0f98d3fc6adb07d1e3d37f3043649ddad06a1 # v6.5.0
+        with:
+          enable-cache: true
+          prune-cache: false
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@a26af69be951a213d495a4c3e4e4022e16d87065 # v5.6.0
+        id: setup-python
+        with:
+          python-version-file: pyproject.toml
+      - uses: actions/cache@0400d5f644dc74513175e3cd8d07132dd4860809 # v4.2.4
+        with:
+          path: ~/.cache/pre-commit
+          key: pre-commit|${{ hashFiles('pyproject.toml', '.pre-commit-config.yaml') }}
+      - run: uv run --locked --group pre-commit pre-commit run --show-diff-on-failure --color=always --all-files
+      - uses: pre-commit-ci/lite-action@5d6cc0eb514c891a40562a58a8e71576c5c7fb43 # v1.1.0
+        if: ${{ !cancelled() }}

.github/workflows/publish.yaml

@@ -1,72 +1,58 @@
 name: Publish
 on:
   push:
-    tags:
-      - '*'
+    tags: ['*']
 jobs:
   build:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     outputs:
-      hash: ${{ steps.hash.outputs.hash }}
+      artifact-id: ${{ steps.upload-artifact.outputs.artifact-id }}
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@ac593985615ec2ede58e132d2e21d2b1cbd6127c
-      - uses: actions/setup-python@5ccb29d8773c3f3f653e1705f474dfaa8a06a912
+      - uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
         with:
-          python-version: '3.x'
-          cache: 'pip'
-          cache-dependency-path: 'requirements/*.txt'
-      - run: pip install -r requirements/build.txt
-      # Use the commit date instead of the current date during the build.
+          persist-credentials: false
+      - uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@d9e0f98d3fc6adb07d1e3d37f3043649ddad06a1 # v6.5.0
+        with:
+          enable-cache: true
+          prune-cache: false
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@a26af69be951a213d495a4c3e4e4022e16d87065 # v5.6.0
+        with:
+          python-version-file: pyproject.toml
       - run: echo "SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH=$(git log -1 --pretty=%ct)" >> $GITHUB_ENV
-      - run: python -m build
-      # Generate hashes used for provenance.
-      - name: generate hash
-        id: hash
-        run: cd dist && echo "hash=$(sha256sum * | base64 -w0)" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
-      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@0b7f8abb1508181956e8e162db84b466c27e18ce
+      - run: uv build
+      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@ea165f8d65b6e75b540449e92b4886f43607fa02 # v4.6.2
+        id: upload-artifact
         with:
-          path: ./dist
-  provenance:
-    needs: ['build']
-    permissions:
-      actions: read
-      id-token: write
-      contents: write
-    # Can't pin with hash due to how this workflow works.
-    uses: slsa-framework/slsa-github-generator/.github/workflows/generator_generic_slsa3.yml@v1.4.0
-    with:
-      base64-subjects: ${{ needs.build.outputs.hash }}
+          name: dist
+          path: dist/
+          if-no-files-found: error
   create-release:
-    # Upload the sdist, wheels, and provenance to a GitHub release. They remain
-    # available as build artifacts for a while as well.
-    needs: ['provenance']
+    needs: [build]
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     permissions:
       contents: write
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/download-artifact@9bc31d5ccc31df68ecc42ccf4149144866c47d8a
+      - uses: actions/download-artifact@634f93cb2916e3fdff6788551b99b062d0335ce0 # v5.0.0
+        with:
+          artifact-ids: ${{ needs.build.outputs.artifact-id }}
+          path: dist/
       - name: create release
-        run: >
-          gh release create --draft --repo ${{ github.repository }}
-          ${{ github.ref_name }}
-          *.intoto.jsonl/* artifact/*
+        run: gh release create --draft --repo ${{ github.repository }} ${{ github.ref_name }} dist/*
         env:
           GH_TOKEN: ${{ github.token }}
   publish-pypi:
-    needs: ['provenance']
-    # Wait for approval before attempting to upload to PyPI. This allows reviewing the
-    # files in the draft release.
-    environment: 'publish'
+    needs: [build]
+    environment:
+      name: publish
+      url: https://pypi.org/project/Flask/${{ github.ref_name }}
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      id-token: write
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/download-artifact@9bc31d5ccc31df68ecc42ccf4149144866c47d8a
-      # Try uploading to Test PyPI first, in case something fails.
-      - uses: pypa/gh-action-pypi-publish@c7f29f7adef1a245bd91520e94867e5c6eedddcc
+      - uses: actions/download-artifact@634f93cb2916e3fdff6788551b99b062d0335ce0 # v5.0.0
         with:
-          password: ${{ secrets.TEST_PYPI_TOKEN }}
-          repository_url: https://test.pypi.org/legacy/
-          packages_dir: artifact/
-      - uses: pypa/gh-action-pypi-publish@c7f29f7adef1a245bd91520e94867e5c6eedddcc
+          artifact-ids: ${{ needs.build.outputs.artifact-id }}
+          path: dist/
+      - uses: pypa/gh-action-pypi-publish@76f52bc884231f62b9a034ebfe128415bbaabdfc # v1.12.4
         with:
-          password: ${{ secrets.PYPI_TOKEN }}
-          packages_dir: artifact/
+          packages-dir: "dist/"

.github/workflows/tests.yaml

@@ -1,58 +1,51 @@
 name: Tests
 on:
-  push:
-    branches:
-      - main
-      - '*.x'
-    paths-ignore:
-      - 'docs/**'
-      - '*.md'
-      - '*.rst'
   pull_request:
-    branches:
-      - main
-      - '*.x'
-    paths-ignore:
-      - 'docs/**'
-      - '*.md'
-      - '*.rst'
+    paths-ignore: ['docs/**', 'README.md']
+  push:
+    branches: [main, stable]
+    paths-ignore: ['docs/**', 'README.md']
 jobs:
   tests:
-    name: ${{ matrix.name }}
-    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    name: ${{ matrix.name || matrix.python }}
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os || 'ubuntu-latest' }}
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
         include:
-          - {name: Linux, python: '3.11', os: ubuntu-latest, tox: py311}
-          - {name: Windows, python: '3.11', os: windows-latest, tox: py311}
-          - {name: Mac, python: '3.11', os: macos-latest, tox: py311}
-          - {name: '3.12-dev', python: '3.12-dev', os: ubuntu-latest, tox: py312}
-          - {name: '3.10', python: '3.10', os: ubuntu-latest, tox: py310}
-          - {name: '3.9', python: '3.9', os: ubuntu-latest, tox: py39}
-          - {name: '3.8', python: '3.8', os: ubuntu-latest, tox: py38}
-          - {name: '3.7', python: '3.7', os: ubuntu-latest, tox: py37}
-          - {name: 'PyPy', python: 'pypy-3.9', os: ubuntu-latest, tox: pypy39}
-          - {name: 'Pallets Minimum Versions', python: '3.11', os: ubuntu-latest, tox: py311-min}
-          - {name: 'Pallets Development Versions', python: '3.8', os: ubuntu-latest, tox: py38-dev}
-          - {name: Typing, python: '3.11', os: ubuntu-latest, tox: typing}
+          - {python: '3.13'}
+          - {name: Windows, python: '3.13', os: windows-latest}
+          - {name: Mac, python: '3.13', os: macos-latest}
+          - {python: '3.12'}
+          - {python: '3.11'}
+          - {python: '3.10'}
+          - {name: PyPy, python: 'pypy-3.11', tox: pypy3.11}
+          - {name: Minimum Versions, python: '3.13', tox: tests-min}
+          - {name: Development Versions, python: '3.10', tox: tests-dev}
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@ac593985615ec2ede58e132d2e21d2b1cbd6127c
-      - uses: actions/setup-python@5ccb29d8773c3f3f653e1705f474dfaa8a06a912
+      - uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
+      - uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@d9e0f98d3fc6adb07d1e3d37f3043649ddad06a1 # v6.5.0
+        with:
+          enable-cache: true
+          prune-cache: false
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@a26af69be951a213d495a4c3e4e4022e16d87065 # v5.6.0
         with:
           python-version: ${{ matrix.python }}
-          cache: 'pip'
-          cache-dependency-path: 'requirements/*.txt'
-      - name: update pip
-        run: |
-          pip install -U wheel
-          pip install -U setuptools
-          python -m pip install -U pip
+      - run: uv run --locked tox run -e ${{ matrix.tox || format('py{0}', matrix.python) }}
+  typing:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
+      - uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@d9e0f98d3fc6adb07d1e3d37f3043649ddad06a1 # v6.5.0
+        with:
+          enable-cache: true
+          prune-cache: false
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@a26af69be951a213d495a4c3e4e4022e16d87065 # v5.6.0
+        with:
+          python-version-file: pyproject.toml
       - name: cache mypy
-        uses: actions/cache@58c146cc91c5b9e778e71775dfe9bf1442ad9a12
+        uses: actions/cache@0400d5f644dc74513175e3cd8d07132dd4860809 # v4.2.4
         with:
           path: ./.mypy_cache
-          key: mypy|${{ matrix.python }}|${{ hashFiles('setup.cfg') }}
-        if: matrix.tox == 'typing'
-      - run: pip install tox
-      - run: tox run -e ${{ matrix.tox }}
+          key: mypy|${{ hashFiles('pyproject.toml') }}
+      - run: uv run --locked tox run -e typing

.gitignore

@@ -1,25 +1,8 @@
-.DS_Store
-.env
-.flaskenv
-*.pyc
-*.pyo
-env/
-venv/
-.venv/
-env*
-dist/
-build/
-*.egg
-*.egg-info/
-.tox/
-.cache/
-.pytest_cache/
 .idea/
-docs/_build/
-.vscode
-
-# Coverage reports
+.vscode/
+__pycache__/
+dist/
+.coverage*
 htmlcov/
-.coverage
-.coverage.*
-*,cover
+.tox/
+docs/_build/

.pre-commit-config.yaml

@@ -1,37 +1,18 @@
-ci:
-  autoupdate_branch: "2.1.x"
-  autoupdate_schedule: monthly
 repos:
-  - repo: https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade
-    rev: v3.3.2
+  - repo: https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit
+    rev: 54a455f7ce629598b7535ff828fd5fb796f4b83f  # frozen: v0.12.9
     hooks:
-      - id: pyupgrade
-        args: ["--py37-plus"]
-  - repo: https://github.com/asottile/reorder_python_imports
-    rev: v3.9.0
+      - id: ruff
+      - id: ruff-format
+  - repo: https://github.com/astral-sh/uv-pre-commit
+    rev: f9572a6b06237978e1d52fad0ae55bac5e36da26  # frozen: 0.8.12
     hooks:
-      - id: reorder-python-imports
-        name: Reorder Python imports (src, tests)
-        files: "^(?!examples/)"
-        args: ["--application-directories", "src"]
-  - repo: https://github.com/psf/black
-    rev: 23.3.0
-    hooks:
-      - id: black
-  - repo: https://github.com/PyCQA/flake8
-    rev: 6.0.0
-    hooks:
-      - id: flake8
-        additional_dependencies:
-          - flake8-bugbear
-          - flake8-implicit-str-concat
-  - repo: https://github.com/peterdemin/pip-compile-multi
-    rev: v2.6.2
-    hooks:
-      - id: pip-compile-multi-verify
+      - id: uv-lock
   - repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/pre-commit-hooks
-    rev: v4.4.0
+    rev: 3e8a8703264a2f4a69428a0aa4dcb512790b2c8c  # frozen: v6.0.0
     hooks:
+      - id: check-merge-conflict
+      - id: debug-statements
       - id: fix-byte-order-marker
       - id: trailing-whitespace
       - id: end-of-file-fixer

.readthedocs.yaml

@@ -1,13 +1,10 @@
 version: 2
 build:
-  os: ubuntu-20.04
+  os: ubuntu-24.04
   tools:
-    python: "3.10"
-python:
-  install:
-    - requirements: requirements/docs.txt
-    - method: pip
-      path: .
-sphinx:
-  builder: dirhtml
-  fail_on_warning: true
+    python: '3.13'
+  commands:
+    - asdf plugin add uv
+    - asdf install uv latest
+    - asdf global uv latest
+    - uv run --group docs sphinx-build -W -b dirhtml docs $READTHEDOCS_OUTPUT/html

CHANGES.rst

@@ -1,3 +1,208 @@
+Version 3.2.0
+-------------
+
+Unreleased
+
+-   Drop support for Python 3.9. :pr:`5730`
+-   Remove previously deprecated code: ``__version__``. :pr:`5648`
+-   ``RequestContext`` has merged with ``AppContext``. ``RequestContext`` is now
+    a deprecated alias. If an app context is already pushed, it is not reused
+    when dispatching a request. This greatly simplifies the internal code for tracking
+    the active context. :issue:`5639`
+-   ``template_filter``, ``template_test``, and ``template_global`` decorators
+    can be used without parentheses. :issue:`5729`
+
+
+Version 3.1.2
+-------------
+
+Released 2025-08-19
+
+-   ``stream_with_context`` does not fail inside async views. :issue:`5774`
+-   When using ``follow_redirects`` in the test client, the final state
+    of ``session`` is correct. :issue:`5786`
+-   Relax type hint for passing bytes IO to ``send_file``. :issue:`5776`
+
+
+Version 3.1.1
+-------------
+
+Released 2025-05-13
+
+-   Fix signing key selection order when key rotation is enabled via
+    ``SECRET_KEY_FALLBACKS``. :ghsa:`4grg-w6v8-c28g`
+-   Fix type hint for ``cli_runner.invoke``. :issue:`5645`
+-   ``flask --help`` loads the app and plugins first to make sure all commands
+    are shown. :issue:`5673`
+-   Mark sans-io base class as being able to handle views that return
+    ``AsyncIterable``. This is not accurate for Flask, but makes typing easier
+    for Quart. :pr:`5659`
+
+
+Version 3.1.0
+-------------
+
+Released 2024-11-13
+
+-   Drop support for Python 3.8. :pr:`5623`
+-   Update minimum dependency versions to latest feature releases.
+    Werkzeug >= 3.1, ItsDangerous >= 2.2, Blinker >= 1.9. :pr:`5624,5633`
+-   Provide a configuration option to control automatic option
+    responses. :pr:`5496`
+-   ``Flask.open_resource``/``open_instance_resource`` and
+    ``Blueprint.open_resource`` take an ``encoding`` parameter to use when
+    opening in text mode. It defaults to ``utf-8``. :issue:`5504`
+-   ``Request.max_content_length`` can be customized per-request instead of only
+    through the ``MAX_CONTENT_LENGTH`` config. Added
+    ``MAX_FORM_MEMORY_SIZE`` and ``MAX_FORM_PARTS`` config. Added documentation
+    about resource limits to the security page. :issue:`5625`
+-   Add support for the ``Partitioned`` cookie attribute (CHIPS), with the
+    ``SESSION_COOKIE_PARTITIONED`` config. :issue:`5472`
+-   ``-e path`` takes precedence over default ``.env`` and ``.flaskenv`` files.
+    ``load_dotenv`` loads default files in addition to a path unless
+    ``load_defaults=False`` is passed. :issue:`5628`
+-   Support key rotation with the ``SECRET_KEY_FALLBACKS`` config, a list of old
+    secret keys that can still be used for unsigning. Extensions will need to
+    add support. :issue:`5621`
+-   Fix how setting ``host_matching=True`` or ``subdomain_matching=False``
+    interacts with ``SERVER_NAME``. Setting ``SERVER_NAME`` no longer restricts
+    requests to only that domain. :issue:`5553`
+-   ``Request.trusted_hosts`` is checked during routing, and can be set through
+    the ``TRUSTED_HOSTS`` config. :issue:`5636`
+
+
+Version 3.0.3
+-------------
+
+Released 2024-04-07
+
+-   The default ``hashlib.sha1`` may not be available in FIPS builds. Don't
+    access it at import time so the developer has time to change the default.
+    :issue:`5448`
+-   Don't initialize the ``cli`` attribute in the sansio scaffold, but rather in
+    the ``Flask`` concrete class. :pr:`5270`
+
+
+Version 3.0.2
+-------------
+
+Released 2024-02-03
+
+-   Correct type for ``jinja_loader`` property. :issue:`5388`
+-   Fix error with ``--extra-files`` and ``--exclude-patterns`` CLI options.
+    :issue:`5391`
+
+
+Version 3.0.1
+-------------
+
+Released 2024-01-18
+
+-   Correct type for ``path`` argument to ``send_file``. :issue:`5336`
+-   Fix a typo in an error message for the ``flask run --key`` option. :pr:`5344`
+-   Session data is untagged without relying on the built-in ``json.loads``
+    ``object_hook``. This allows other JSON providers that don't implement that.
+    :issue:`5381`
+-   Address more type findings when using mypy strict mode. :pr:`5383`
+
+
+Version 3.0.0
+-------------
+
+Released 2023-09-30
+
+-   Remove previously deprecated code. :pr:`5223`
+-   Deprecate the ``__version__`` attribute. Use feature detection, or
+    ``importlib.metadata.version("flask")``, instead. :issue:`5230`
+-   Restructure the code such that the Flask (app) and Blueprint
+    classes have Sans-IO bases. :pr:`5127`
+-   Allow self as an argument to url_for. :pr:`5264`
+-   Require Werkzeug >= 3.0.0.
+
+
+Version 2.3.3
+-------------
+
+Released 2023-08-21
+
+-   Python 3.12 compatibility.
+-   Require Werkzeug >= 2.3.7.
+-   Use ``flit_core`` instead of ``setuptools`` as build backend.
+-   Refactor how an app's root and instance paths are determined. :issue:`5160`
+
+
+Version 2.3.2
+-------------
+
+Released 2023-05-01
+
+-   Set ``Vary: Cookie`` header when the session is accessed, modified, or refreshed.
+-   Update Werkzeug requirement to >=2.3.3 to apply recent bug fixes.
+    :ghsa:`m2qf-hxjv-5gpq`
+
+
+Version 2.3.1
+-------------
+
+Released 2023-04-25
+
+-   Restore deprecated ``from flask import Markup``. :issue:`5084`
+
+
+Version 2.3.0
+-------------
+
+Released 2023-04-25
+
+-   Drop support for Python 3.7. :pr:`5072`
+-   Update minimum requirements to the latest versions: Werkzeug>=2.3.0, Jinja2>3.1.2,
+    itsdangerous>=2.1.2, click>=8.1.3.
+-   Remove previously deprecated code. :pr:`4995`
+
+    -   The ``push`` and ``pop`` methods of the deprecated ``_app_ctx_stack`` and
+        ``_request_ctx_stack`` objects are removed. ``top`` still exists to give
+        extensions more time to update, but it will be removed.
+    -   The ``FLASK_ENV`` environment variable, ``ENV`` config key, and ``app.env``
+        property are removed.
+    -   The ``session_cookie_name``, ``send_file_max_age_default``, ``use_x_sendfile``,
+        ``propagate_exceptions``, and ``templates_auto_reload`` properties on ``app``
+        are removed.
+    -   The ``JSON_AS_ASCII``, ``JSON_SORT_KEYS``, ``JSONIFY_MIMETYPE``, and
+        ``JSONIFY_PRETTYPRINT_REGULAR`` config keys are removed.
+    -   The ``app.before_first_request`` and ``bp.before_app_first_request`` decorators
+        are removed.
+    -   ``json_encoder`` and ``json_decoder`` attributes on app and blueprint, and the
+        corresponding ``json.JSONEncoder`` and ``JSONDecoder`` classes, are removed.
+    -   The ``json.htmlsafe_dumps`` and ``htmlsafe_dump`` functions are removed.
+    -   Calling setup methods on blueprints after registration is an error instead of a
+        warning. :pr:`4997`
+
+-   Importing ``escape`` and ``Markup`` from ``flask`` is deprecated. Import them
+    directly from ``markupsafe`` instead. :pr:`4996`
+-   The ``app.got_first_request`` property is deprecated. :pr:`4997`
+-   The ``locked_cached_property`` decorator is deprecated. Use a lock inside the
+    decorated function if locking is needed. :issue:`4993`
+-   Signals are always available. ``blinker>=1.6.2`` is a required dependency. The
+    ``signals_available`` attribute is deprecated. :issue:`5056`
+-   Signals support ``async`` subscriber functions. :pr:`5049`
+-   Remove uses of locks that could cause requests to block each other very briefly.
+    :issue:`4993`
+-   Use modern packaging metadata with ``pyproject.toml`` instead of ``setup.cfg``.
+    :pr:`4947`
+-   Ensure subdomains are applied with nested blueprints. :issue:`4834`
+-   ``config.from_file`` can use ``text=False`` to indicate that the parser wants a
+    binary file instead. :issue:`4989`
+-   If a blueprint is created with an empty name it raises a ``ValueError``.
+    :issue:`5010`
+-   ``SESSION_COOKIE_DOMAIN`` does not fall back to ``SERVER_NAME``. The default is not
+    to set the domain, which modern browsers interpret as an exact match rather than
+    a subdomain match. Warnings about ``localhost`` and IP addresses are also removed.
+    :issue:`5051`
+-   The ``routes`` command shows each rule's ``subdomain`` or ``host`` when domain
+    matching is in use. :issue:`5004`
+-   Use postponed evaluation of annotations. :pr:`5071`
+
+
 Version 2.2.5
 -------------
 
@@ -227,7 +432,7 @@ Released 2022-03-28
     or ``AppContext.g`` instead. :issue:`3898`
 -   ``copy_current_request_context`` can decorate async functions.
     :pr:`4303`
--   The CLI uses ``importlib.metadata`` instead of ``setuptools`` to
+-   The CLI uses ``importlib.metadata`` instead of ``pkg_resources`` to
     load command entry points. :issue:`4419`
 -   Overriding ``FlaskClient.open`` will not cause an error on redirect.
     :issue:`3396`
@@ -704,7 +909,7 @@ Released 2018-04-26
     explicitly for each exception if you want to avoid traversing the
     MRO. :pr:`2362`
 -   Fix incorrect JSON encoding of aware, non-UTC datetimes. :pr:`2374`
--   Template auto reloading will honor debug mode even even if
+-   Template auto reloading will honor debug mode even if
     ``Flask.jinja_env`` was already accessed. :pr:`2373`
 -   The following old deprecated code was removed. :issue:`2385`
 
@@ -1186,7 +1391,7 @@ Released 2011-09-29, codename Rakija
     of Flask itself and no longer of the test client. This cleaned up
     some internal logic and lowers the odds of runaway request contexts
     in unittests.
--   Fixed the Jinja2 environment's ``list_templates`` method not
+-   Fixed the Jinja environment's ``list_templates`` method not
     returning the correct names when blueprints or modules were
     involved.
 
@@ -1272,7 +1477,7 @@ Released 2010-12-31
 
 -   Fixed an issue where the default ``OPTIONS`` response was not
     exposing all valid methods in the ``Allow`` header.
--   Jinja2 template loading syntax now allows "./" in front of a
+-   Jinja template loading syntax now allows "./" in front of a
     template load path. Previously this caused issues with module
     setups.
 -   Fixed an issue where the subdomain setting for modules was ignored

CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md

@@ -1,76 +0,0 @@
-# Contributor Covenant Code of Conduct
-
-## Our Pledge
-
-In the interest of fostering an open and welcoming environment, we as
-contributors and maintainers pledge to making participation in our project and
-our community a harassment-free experience for everyone, regardless of age, body
-size, disability, ethnicity, sex characteristics, gender identity and expression,
-level of experience, education, socio-economic status, nationality, personal
-appearance, race, religion, or sexual identity and orientation.
-
-## Our Standards
-
-Examples of behavior that contributes to creating a positive environment
-include:
-
-* Using welcoming and inclusive language
-* Being respectful of differing viewpoints and experiences
-* Gracefully accepting constructive criticism
-* Focusing on what is best for the community
-* Showing empathy towards other community members
-
-Examples of unacceptable behavior by participants include:
-
-* The use of sexualized language or imagery and unwelcome sexual attention or
- advances
-* Trolling, insulting/derogatory comments, and personal or political attacks
-* Public or private harassment
-* Publishing others' private information, such as a physical or electronic
- address, without explicit permission
-* Other conduct which could reasonably be considered inappropriate in a
- professional setting
-
-## Our Responsibilities
-
-Project maintainers are responsible for clarifying the standards of acceptable
-behavior and are expected to take appropriate and fair corrective action in
-response to any instances of unacceptable behavior.
-
-Project maintainers have the right and responsibility to remove, edit, or
-reject comments, commits, code, wiki edits, issues, and other contributions
-that are not aligned to this Code of Conduct, or to ban temporarily or
-permanently any contributor for other behaviors that they deem inappropriate,
-threatening, offensive, or harmful.
-
-## Scope
-
-This Code of Conduct applies both within project spaces and in public spaces
-when an individual is representing the project or its community. Examples of
-representing a project or community include using an official project e-mail
-address, posting via an official social media account, or acting as an appointed
-representative at an online or offline event. Representation of a project may be
-further defined and clarified by project maintainers.
-
-## Enforcement
-
-Instances of abusive, harassing, or otherwise unacceptable behavior may be
-reported by contacting the project team at report@palletsprojects.com. All
-complaints will be reviewed and investigated and will result in a response that
-is deemed necessary and appropriate to the circumstances. The project team is
-obligated to maintain confidentiality with regard to the reporter of an incident.
-Further details of specific enforcement policies may be posted separately.
-
-Project maintainers who do not follow or enforce the Code of Conduct in good
-faith may face temporary or permanent repercussions as determined by other
-members of the project's leadership.
-
-## Attribution
-
-This Code of Conduct is adapted from the [Contributor Covenant][homepage], version 1.4,
-available at https://www.contributor-covenant.org/version/1/4/code-of-conduct.html
-
-[homepage]: https://www.contributor-covenant.org
-
-For answers to common questions about this code of conduct, see
-https://www.contributor-covenant.org/faq

CONTRIBUTING.rst

@@ -1,227 +0,0 @@
-How to contribute to Flask
-==========================
-
-Thank you for considering contributing to Flask!
-
-
-Support questions
------------------
-
-Please don't use the issue tracker for this. The issue tracker is a tool
-to address bugs and feature requests in Flask itself. Use one of the
-following resources for questions about using Flask or issues with your
-own code:
-
--   The ``#questions`` channel on our Discord chat:
-    https://discord.gg/pallets
--   Ask on `Stack Overflow`_. Search with Google first using:
-    ``site:stackoverflow.com flask {search term, exception message, etc.}``
--   Ask on our `GitHub Discussions`_ for long term discussion or larger
-    questions.
-
-.. _Stack Overflow: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/flask?tab=Frequent
-.. _GitHub Discussions: https://github.com/pallets/flask/discussions
-
-
-Reporting issues
-----------------
-
-Include the following information in your post:
-
--   Describe what you expected to happen.
--   If possible, include a `minimal reproducible example`_ to help us
-    identify the issue. This also helps check that the issue is not with
-    your own code.
--   Describe what actually happened. Include the full traceback if there
-    was an exception.
--   List your Python and Flask versions. If possible, check if this
-    issue is already fixed in the latest releases or the latest code in
-    the repository.
-
-.. _minimal reproducible example: https://stackoverflow.com/help/minimal-reproducible-example
-
-
-Submitting patches
-------------------
-
-If there is not an open issue for what you want to submit, prefer
-opening one for discussion before working on a PR. You can work on any
-issue that doesn't have an open PR linked to it or a maintainer assigned
-to it. These show up in the sidebar. No need to ask if you can work on
-an issue that interests you.
-
-Include the following in your patch:
-
--   Use `Black`_ to format your code. This and other tools will run
-    automatically if you install `pre-commit`_ using the instructions
-    below.
--   Include tests if your patch adds or changes code. Make sure the test
-    fails without your patch.
--   Update any relevant docs pages and docstrings. Docs pages and
-    docstrings should be wrapped at 72 characters.
--   Add an entry in ``CHANGES.rst``. Use the same style as other
-    entries. Also include ``.. versionchanged::`` inline changelogs in
-    relevant docstrings.
-
-.. _Black: https://black.readthedocs.io
-.. _pre-commit: https://pre-commit.com
-
-
-First time setup
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
--   Download and install the `latest version of git`_.
--   Configure git with your `username`_ and `email`_.
-
-    .. code-block:: text
-
-        $ git config --global user.name 'your name'
-        $ git config --global user.email 'your email'
-
--   Make sure you have a `GitHub account`_.
--   Fork Flask to your GitHub account by clicking the `Fork`_ button.
--   `Clone`_ the main repository locally.
-
-    .. code-block:: text
-
-        $ git clone https://github.com/pallets/flask
-        $ cd flask
-
--   Add your fork as a remote to push your work to. Replace
-    ``{username}`` with your username. This names the remote "fork", the
-    default Pallets remote is "origin".
-
-    .. code-block:: text
-
-        $ git remote add fork https://github.com/{username}/flask
-
--   Create a virtualenv.
-
-
-    - Linux/macOS
-
-      .. code-block:: text
-
-         $ python3 -m venv env
-         $ . env/bin/activate
-
-    - Windows
-
-      .. code-block:: text
-
-         > py -3 -m venv env
-         > env\Scripts\activate
-
--   Upgrade pip and setuptools.
-
-    .. code-block:: text
-
-        $ python -m pip install --upgrade pip setuptools
-
--   Install the development dependencies, then install Flask in editable
-    mode.
-
-    .. code-block:: text
-
-        $ pip install -r requirements/dev.txt && pip install -e .
-
--   Install the pre-commit hooks.
-
-    .. code-block:: text
-
-        $ pre-commit install
-
-.. _latest version of git: https://git-scm.com/downloads
-.. _username: https://docs.github.com/en/github/using-git/setting-your-username-in-git
-.. _email: https://docs.github.com/en/github/setting-up-and-managing-your-github-user-account/setting-your-commit-email-address
-.. _GitHub account: https://github.com/join
-.. _Fork: https://github.com/pallets/flask/fork
-.. _Clone: https://docs.github.com/en/github/getting-started-with-github/fork-a-repo#step-2-create-a-local-clone-of-your-fork
-
-
-Start coding
-~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
--   Create a branch to identify the issue you would like to work on. If
-    you're submitting a bug or documentation fix, branch off of the
-    latest ".x" branch.
-
-    .. code-block:: text
-
-        $ git fetch origin
-        $ git checkout -b your-branch-name origin/2.0.x
-
-    If you're submitting a feature addition or change, branch off of the
-    "main" branch.
-
-    .. code-block:: text
-
-        $ git fetch origin
-        $ git checkout -b your-branch-name origin/main
-
--   Using your favorite editor, make your changes,
-    `committing as you go`_.
--   Include tests that cover any code changes you make. Make sure the
-    test fails without your patch. Run the tests as described below.
--   Push your commits to your fork on GitHub and
-    `create a pull request`_. Link to the issue being addressed with
-    ``fixes #123`` in the pull request.
-
-    .. code-block:: text
-
-        $ git push --set-upstream fork your-branch-name
-
-.. _committing as you go: https://afraid-to-commit.readthedocs.io/en/latest/git/commandlinegit.html#commit-your-changes
-.. _create a pull request: https://docs.github.com/en/github/collaborating-with-issues-and-pull-requests/creating-a-pull-request
-
-
-Running the tests
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-Run the basic test suite with pytest.
-
-.. code-block:: text
-
-    $ pytest
-
-This runs the tests for the current environment, which is usually
-sufficient. CI will run the full suite when you submit your pull
-request. You can run the full test suite with tox if you don't want to
-wait.
-
-.. code-block:: text
-
-    $ tox
-
-
-Running test coverage
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-Generating a report of lines that do not have test coverage can indicate
-where to start contributing. Run ``pytest`` using ``coverage`` and
-generate a report.
-
-.. code-block:: text
-
-    $ pip install coverage
-    $ coverage run -m pytest
-    $ coverage html
-
-Open ``htmlcov/index.html`` in your browser to explore the report.
-
-Read more about `coverage <https://coverage.readthedocs.io>`__.
-
-
-Building the docs
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-Build the docs in the ``docs`` directory using Sphinx.
-
-.. code-block:: text
-
-    $ cd docs
-    $ make html
-
-Open ``_build/html/index.html`` in your browser to view the docs.
-
-Read more about `Sphinx <https://www.sphinx-doc.org/en/stable/>`__.

MANIFEST.in

@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-include CHANGES.rst
-include CONTRIBUTING.rst
-include tox.ini
-include requirements/*.txt
-graft artwork
-graft docs
-prune docs/_build
-graft examples
-graft tests
-include src/flask/py.typed
-global-exclude *.pyc

README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+<div align="center"><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/pallets/flask/refs/heads/stable/docs/_static/flask-name.svg" alt="" height="150"></div>
+
+# Flask
+
+Flask is a lightweight [WSGI] web application framework. It is designed
+to make getting started quick and easy, with the ability to scale up to
+complex applications. It began as a simple wrapper around [Werkzeug]
+and [Jinja], and has become one of the most popular Python web
+application frameworks.
+
+Flask offers suggestions, but doesn't enforce any dependencies or
+project layout. It is up to the developer to choose the tools and
+libraries they want to use. There are many extensions provided by the
+community that make adding new functionality easy.
+
+[WSGI]: https://wsgi.readthedocs.io/
+[Werkzeug]: https://werkzeug.palletsprojects.com/
+[Jinja]: https://jinja.palletsprojects.com/
+
+## A Simple Example
+
+```python
+# save this as app.py
+from flask import Flask
+
+app = Flask(__name__)
+
+@app.route("/")
+def hello():
+    return "Hello, World!"
+```
+
+```
+$ flask run
+  * Running on http://127.0.0.1:5000/ (Press CTRL+C to quit)
+```
+
+## Donate
+
+The Pallets organization develops and supports Flask and the libraries
+it uses. In order to grow the community of contributors and users, and
+allow the maintainers to devote more time to the projects, [please
+donate today].
+
+[please donate today]: https://palletsprojects.com/donate
+
+## Contributing
+
+See our [detailed contributing documentation][contrib] for many ways to
+contribute, including reporting issues, requesting features, asking or answering
+questions, and making PRs.
+
+[contrib]: https://palletsprojects.com/contributing/

README.rst

@@ -1,82 +0,0 @@
-Flask
-=====
-
-Flask is a lightweight `WSGI`_ web application framework. It is designed
-to make getting started quick and easy, with the ability to scale up to
-complex applications. It began as a simple wrapper around `Werkzeug`_
-and `Jinja`_ and has become one of the most popular Python web
-application frameworks.
-
-Flask offers suggestions, but doesn't enforce any dependencies or
-project layout. It is up to the developer to choose the tools and
-libraries they want to use. There are many extensions provided by the
-community that make adding new functionality easy.
-
-.. _WSGI: https://wsgi.readthedocs.io/
-.. _Werkzeug: https://werkzeug.palletsprojects.com/
-.. _Jinja: https://jinja.palletsprojects.com/
-
-
-Installing
-----------
-
-Install and update using `pip`_:
-
-.. code-block:: text
-
-    $ pip install -U Flask
-
-.. _pip: https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/getting-started/
-
-
-A Simple Example
-----------------
-
-.. code-block:: python
-
-    # save this as app.py
-    from flask import Flask
-
-    app = Flask(__name__)
-
-    @app.route("/")
-    def hello():
-        return "Hello, World!"
-
-.. code-block:: text
-
-    $ flask run
-      * Running on http://127.0.0.1:5000/ (Press CTRL+C to quit)
-
-
-Contributing
-------------
-
-For guidance on setting up a development environment and how to make a
-contribution to Flask, see the `contributing guidelines`_.
-
-.. _contributing guidelines: https://github.com/pallets/flask/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.rst
-
-
-Donate
-------
-
-The Pallets organization develops and supports Flask and the libraries
-it uses. In order to grow the community of contributors and users, and
-allow the maintainers to devote more time to the projects, `please
-donate today`_.
-
-.. _please donate today: https://palletsprojects.com/donate
-
-
-Links
------
-
--   Documentation: https://flask.palletsprojects.com/
--   Changes: https://flask.palletsprojects.com/changes/
--   PyPI Releases: https://pypi.org/project/Flask/
--   Source Code: https://github.com/pallets/flask/
--   Issue Tracker: https://github.com/pallets/flask/issues/
--   Website: https://palletsprojects.com/p/flask/
--   Twitter: https://twitter.com/PalletsTeam
--   Chat: https://discord.gg/pallets

artwork/LICENSE.rst

@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-Copyright 2010 Pallets
-
-This logo or a modified version may be used by anyone to refer to the
-Flask project, but does not indicate endorsement by the project.
-
-Redistribution and use in source (SVG) and binary (renders in PNG, etc.)
-forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the
-following conditions are met:
-
-1.  Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
-    notice and this list of conditions.
-
-2.  Neither the name of the copyright holder nor the names of its
-    contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
-    this software without specific prior written permission.
-
-We would appreciate that you make the image a link to
-https://palletsprojects.com/p/flask/ if you use it in a medium that
-supports links.

artwork/logo-lineart.svg

@@ -1,165 +0,0 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
-<!-- Created with Inkscape (http://www.inkscape.org/) -->
-
-<svg
-   xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"
-   xmlns:cc="http://creativecommons.org/ns#"
-   xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"
-   xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
-   xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
-   xmlns:sodipodi="http://sodipodi.sourceforge.net/DTD/sodipodi-0.dtd"
-   xmlns:inkscape="http://www.inkscape.org/namespaces/inkscape"
-   width="211.15901"
-   height="190.52811"
-   id="svg2"
-   version="1.1"
-   inkscape:version="0.48.5 r10040"
-   sodipodi:docname="logo-lineart.svg">
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+    </defs>
+</svg>

docs/api.rst

@@ -31,17 +31,15 @@ Incoming Request Data
     :inherited-members:
     :exclude-members: json_module
 
-.. attribute:: request
+.. data:: request
 
-   To access incoming request data, you can use the global `request`
-   object. Flask parses incoming request data for you and gives you
-   access to it through that global object. Internally Flask makes
-   sure that you always get the correct data for the active thread if you
-   are in a multithreaded environment.
+    A proxy to the request data for the current request, an instance of
+    :class:`.Request`.
 
-   This is a proxy. See :ref:`notes-on-proxies` for more information.
+    This is only available when a :doc:`request context </appcontext>` is
+    active.
 
-   The request object is an instance of a :class:`~flask.Request`.
+    This is a proxy. See :ref:`context-visibility` for more information.
 
 
 Response Objects
@@ -62,40 +60,33 @@ does this is by using a signed cookie. The user can look at the session
 contents, but can't modify it unless they know the secret key, so make sure to
 set that to something complex and unguessable.
 
-To access the current session you can use the :class:`session` object:
+To access the current session you can use the :data:`.session` proxy.
 
-.. class:: session
+.. data:: session
 
-   The session object works pretty much like an ordinary dict, with the
-   difference that it keeps track of modifications.
+    A proxy to the session data for the current request, an instance of
+    :class:`.SessionMixin`.
 
-   This is a proxy. See :ref:`notes-on-proxies` for more information.
+    This is only available when a :doc:`request context </appcontext>` is
+    active.
 
-   The following attributes are interesting:
+    This is a proxy. See :ref:`context-visibility` for more information.
 
-   .. attribute:: new
+    The session object works like a dict but tracks assignment and access to its
+    keys. It cannot track modifications to mutable values, you need to set
+    :attr:`~.SessionMixin.modified` manually when modifying a list, dict, etc.
 
-      ``True`` if the session is new, ``False`` otherwise.
+    .. code-block:: python
 
-   .. attribute:: modified
-
-      ``True`` if the session object detected a modification. Be advised
-      that modifications on mutable structures are not picked up
-      automatically, in that situation you have to explicitly set the
-      attribute to ``True`` yourself. Here an example::
-
-          # this change is not picked up because a mutable object (here
-          # a list) is changed.
-          session['objects'].append(42)
+          # appending to a list is not detected
+          session["numbers"].append(42)
           # so mark it as modified yourself
           session.modified = True
 
-   .. attribute:: permanent
-
-      If set to ``True`` the session lives for
-      :attr:`~flask.Flask.permanent_session_lifetime` seconds. The
-      default is 31 days. If set to ``False`` (which is the default) the
-      session will be deleted when the user closes the browser.
+    The session is persisted across requests using a cookie. By default the
+    users's browser will clear the cookie when it is closed. Set
+    :attr:`~.SessionMixin.permanent` to ``True`` to persist the cookie for
+    :data:`PERMANENT_SESSION_LIFETIME`.
 
 
 Session Interface
@@ -158,20 +149,21 @@ another, a global variable is not good enough because it would break in
 threaded environments. Flask provides you with a special object that
 ensures it is only valid for the active request and that will return
 different values for each request. In a nutshell: it does the right
-thing, like it does for :class:`request` and :class:`session`.
+thing, like it does for :data:`.request` and :data:`.session`.
 
 .. data:: g
 
-    A namespace object that can store data during an
-    :doc:`application context </appcontext>`. This is an instance of
-    :attr:`Flask.app_ctx_globals_class`, which defaults to
-    :class:`ctx._AppCtxGlobals`.
+    A proxy to a namespace object used to store data during a single request or
+    app context. An instance of :attr:`.Flask.app_ctx_globals_class`, which
+    defaults to :class:`._AppCtxGlobals`.
 
-    This is a good place to store resources during a request. For
-    example, a ``before_request`` function could load a user object from
-    a session id, then set ``g.user`` to be used in the view function.
+    This is a good place to store resources during a request. For example, a
+    :meth:`~.Flask.before_request` function could load a user object from a
+    session id, then set ``g.user`` to be used in the view function.
 
-    This is a proxy. See :ref:`notes-on-proxies` for more information.
+    This is only available when an :doc:`app context </appcontext>` is active.
+
+    This is a proxy. See :ref:`context-visibility` for more information.
 
     .. versionchanged:: 0.10
         Bound to the application context instead of the request context.
@@ -185,17 +177,16 @@ Useful Functions and Classes
 
 .. data:: current_app
 
-    A proxy to the application handling the current request. This is
-    useful to access the application without needing to import it, or if
-    it can't be imported, such as when using the application factory
-    pattern or in blueprints and extensions.
+    A proxy to the :class:`.Flask` application handling the current request or
+    other activity.
 
-    This is only available when an
-    :doc:`application context </appcontext>` is pushed. This happens
-    automatically during requests and CLI commands. It can be controlled
-    manually with :meth:`~flask.Flask.app_context`.
+    This is useful to access the application without needing to import it, or if
+    it can't be imported, such as when using the application factory pattern or
+    in blueprints and extensions.
 
-    This is a proxy. See :ref:`notes-on-proxies` for more information.
+    This is only available when an :doc:`app context </appcontext>` is active.
+
+    This is a proxy. See :ref:`context-visibility` for more information.
 
 .. autofunction:: has_request_context
 
@@ -217,10 +208,6 @@ Useful Functions and Classes
 
 .. autofunction:: send_from_directory
 
-.. autofunction:: escape
-
-.. autoclass:: Markup
-   :members: escape, unescape, striptags
 
 Message Flashing
 ----------------
@@ -270,12 +257,6 @@ HTML ``<script>`` tags.
     :members:
     :member-order: bysource
 
-.. autoclass:: JSONEncoder
-   :members:
-
-.. autoclass:: JSONDecoder
-   :members:
-
 .. automodule:: flask.json.tag
 
 
@@ -309,31 +290,31 @@ Stream Helpers
 Useful Internals
 ----------------
 
-.. autoclass:: flask.ctx.RequestContext
-   :members:
-
-.. data:: flask.globals.request_ctx
-
-    The current :class:`~flask.ctx.RequestContext`. If a request context
-    is not active, accessing attributes on this proxy will raise a
-    ``RuntimeError``.
-
-    This is an internal object that is essential to how Flask handles
-    requests. Accessing this should not be needed in most cases. Most
-    likely you want :data:`request` and :data:`session` instead.
-
 .. autoclass:: flask.ctx.AppContext
    :members:
 
 .. data:: flask.globals.app_ctx
 
-    The current :class:`~flask.ctx.AppContext`. If an app context is not
-    active, accessing attributes on this proxy will raise a
-    ``RuntimeError``.
+    A proxy to the active :class:`.AppContext`.
 
-    This is an internal object that is essential to how Flask handles
-    requests. Accessing this should not be needed in most cases. Most
-    likely you want :data:`current_app` and :data:`g` instead.
+    This is an internal object that is essential to how Flask handles requests.
+    Accessing this should not be needed in most cases. Most likely you want
+    :data:`.current_app`, :data:`.g`, :data:`.request`, and :data:`.session` instead.
+
+    This is only available when a :doc:`request context </appcontext>` is
+    active.
+
+    This is a proxy. See :ref:`context-visibility` for more information.
+
+.. class:: flask.ctx.RequestContext
+
+    .. deprecated:: 3.2
+        Merged with :class:`AppContext`. This alias will be removed in Flask 4.0.
+
+.. data:: flask.globals.request_ctx
+
+    .. deprecated:: 3.2
+        Merged with :data:`.app_ctx`. This alias will be removed in Flask 4.0.
 
 .. autoclass:: flask.blueprints.BlueprintSetupState
    :members:
@@ -343,14 +324,9 @@ Useful Internals
 Signals
 -------
 
-.. versionadded:: 0.6
+Signals are provided by the `Blinker`_ library. See :doc:`signals` for an introduction.
 
-.. data:: signals.signals_available
-
-   ``True`` if the signaling system is available. This is the case
-   when `blinker`_ is installed.
-
-The following signals exist in Flask:
+.. _blinker: https://blinker.readthedocs.io/
 
 .. data:: template_rendered
 
@@ -517,7 +493,6 @@ The following signals exist in Flask:
 
    .. versionadded:: 0.10
 
-
 .. data:: message_flashed
 
    This signal is sent when the application is flashing a message. The
@@ -535,23 +510,6 @@ The following signals exist in Flask:
 
    .. versionadded:: 0.10
 
-.. class:: signals.Namespace
-
-   An alias for :class:`blinker.base.Namespace` if blinker is available,
-   otherwise a dummy class that creates fake signals. This class is
-   available for Flask extensions that want to provide the same fallback
-   system as Flask itself.
-
-   .. method:: signal(name, doc=None)
-
-      Creates a new signal for this namespace if blinker is available,
-      otherwise returns a fake signal that has a send method that will
-      do nothing but will fail with a :exc:`RuntimeError` for all other
-      operations, including connecting.
-
-
-.. _blinker: https://pypi.org/project/blinker/
-
 
 Class-Based Views
 -----------------

docs/appcontext.rst

@@ -1,74 +1,63 @@
-.. currentmodule:: flask
+The App and Request Context
+===========================
 
-The Application Context
-=======================
+The context keeps track of data and objects during a request, CLI command, or
+other activity. Rather than passing this data around to every function, the
+:data:`.current_app`, :data:`.g`, :data:`.request`, and :data:`.session` proxies
+are accessed instead.
 
-The application context keeps track of the application-level data during
-a request, CLI command, or other activity. Rather than passing the
-application around to each function, the :data:`current_app` and
-:data:`g` proxies are accessed instead.
+When handling a request, the context is referred to as the "request context"
+because it contains request data in addition to application data. Otherwise,
+such as during a CLI command, it is referred to as the "app context". During an
+app context, :data:`.current_app` and :data:`.g` are available, while during a
+request context :data:`.request` and :data:`.session` are also available.
 
-This is similar to :doc:`/reqcontext`, which keeps track of
-request-level data during a request. A corresponding application context
-is pushed when a request context is pushed.
 
 Purpose of the Context
 ----------------------
 
-The :class:`Flask` application object has attributes, such as
-:attr:`~Flask.config`, that are useful to access within views and
-:doc:`CLI commands </cli>`. However, importing the ``app`` instance
-within the modules in your project is prone to circular import issues.
-When using the :doc:`app factory pattern </patterns/appfactories>` or
-writing reusable :doc:`blueprints </blueprints>` or
-:doc:`extensions </extensions>` there won't be an ``app`` instance to
-import at all.
+The context and proxies help solve two development issues: circular imports, and
+passing around global data during a request.
 
-Flask solves this issue with the *application context*. Rather than
-referring to an ``app`` directly, you use the :data:`current_app`
-proxy, which points to the application handling the current activity.
+The :class:`.Flask` application object has attributes, such as
+:attr:`~.Flask.config`, that are useful to access within views and other
+functions. However, importing the ``app`` instance within the modules in your
+project is prone to circular import issues. When using the
+:doc:`app factory pattern </patterns/appfactories>` or writing reusable
+:doc:`blueprints </blueprints>` or :doc:`extensions </extensions>` there won't
+be an ``app`` instance to import at all.
 
-Flask automatically *pushes* an application context when handling a
-request. View functions, error handlers, and other functions that run
-during a request will have access to :data:`current_app`.
+When the application handles a request, it creates a :class:`.Request` object.
+Because a *worker* handles only one request at a time, the request data can be
+considered global to that worker during that request. Passing it as an argument
+through every function during the request becomes verbose and redundant.
 
-Flask will also automatically push an app context when running CLI
-commands registered with :attr:`Flask.cli` using ``@app.cli.command()``.
+Flask solves these issues with the *active context* pattern. Rather than
+importing an ``app`` directly, or having to pass it and the request through to
+every single function, you import and access the proxies, which point to the
+currently active application and request data. This is sometimes referred to
+as "context local" data.
 
 
-Lifetime of the Context
------------------------
+Context During Setup
+--------------------
 
-The application context is created and destroyed as necessary. When a
-Flask application begins handling a request, it pushes an application
-context and a :doc:`request context </reqcontext>`. When the request
-ends it pops the request context then the application context.
-Typically, an application context will have the same lifetime as a
-request.
-
-See :doc:`/reqcontext` for more information about how the contexts work
-and the full life cycle of a request.
-
-
-Manually Push a Context
------------------------
-
-If you try to access :data:`current_app`, or anything that uses it,
-outside an application context, you'll get this error message:
+If you try to access :data:`.current_app`, :data:`.g`, or anything that uses it,
+outside an app context, you'll get this error message:
 
 .. code-block:: pytb
 
     RuntimeError: Working outside of application context.
 
-    This typically means that you attempted to use functionality that
-    needed to interface with the current application object in some way.
-    To solve this, set up an application context with app.app_context().
+    Attempted to use functionality that expected a current application to be
+    set. To solve this, set up an app context using 'with app.app_context()'.
+    See the documentation on app context for more information.
 
 If you see that error while configuring your application, such as when
-initializing an extension, you can push a context manually since you
-have direct access to the ``app``. Use :meth:`~Flask.app_context` in a
-``with`` block, and everything that runs in the block will have access
-to :data:`current_app`. ::
+initializing an extension, you can push a context manually since you have direct
+access to the ``app``. Use :meth:`.Flask.app_context` in a ``with`` block.
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     def create_app():
         app = Flask(__name__)
@@ -78,72 +67,120 @@ to :data:`current_app`. ::
 
         return app
 
-If you see that error somewhere else in your code not related to
-configuring the application, it most likely indicates that you should
-move that code into a view function or CLI command.
+If you see that error somewhere else in your code not related to setting up the
+application, it most likely indicates that you should move that code into a view
+function or CLI command.
 
 
-Storing Data
-------------
+Context During Testing
+----------------------
 
-The application context is a good place to store common data during a
-request or CLI command. Flask provides the :data:`g object <g>` for this
-purpose. It is a simple namespace object that has the same lifetime as
-an application context.
+See :doc:`/testing` for detailed information about managing the context during
+tests.
 
-.. note::
-    The ``g`` name stands for "global", but that is referring to the
-    data being global *within a context*. The data on ``g`` is lost
-    after the context ends, and it is not an appropriate place to store
-    data between requests. Use the :data:`session` or a database to
-    store data across requests.
+If you try to access :data:`.request`, :data:`.session`, or anything that uses
+it, outside a request context, you'll get this error message:
 
-A common use for :data:`g` is to manage resources during a request.
+.. code-block:: pytb
 
-1.  ``get_X()`` creates resource ``X`` if it does not exist, caching it
-    as ``g.X``.
-2.  ``teardown_X()`` closes or otherwise deallocates the resource if it
-    exists. It is registered as a :meth:`~Flask.teardown_appcontext`
-    handler.
+    RuntimeError: Working outside of request context.
 
-For example, you can manage a database connection using this pattern::
+    Attempted to use functionality that expected an active HTTP request. See the
+    documentation on request context for more information.
 
-    from flask import g
+This will probably only happen during tests. If you see that error somewhere
+else in your code not related to testing, it most likely indicates that you
+should move that code into a view function.
 
-    def get_db():
-        if 'db' not in g:
-            g.db = connect_to_database()
+The primary way to solve this is to use :meth:`.Flask.test_client` to simulate
+a full request.
 
-        return g.db
+If you only want to unit test one function, rather than a full request, use
+:meth:`.Flask.test_request_context` in a ``with`` block.
 
-    @app.teardown_appcontext
-    def teardown_db(exception):
-        db = g.pop('db', None)
+.. code-block:: python
 
-        if db is not None:
-            db.close()
+    def generate_report(year):
+        format = request.args.get("format")
+        ...
 
-During a request, every call to ``get_db()`` will return the same
-connection, and it will be closed automatically at the end of the
-request.
-
-You can use :class:`~werkzeug.local.LocalProxy` to make a new context
-local from ``get_db()``::
-
-    from werkzeug.local import LocalProxy
-    db = LocalProxy(get_db)
-
-Accessing ``db`` will call ``get_db`` internally, in the same way that
-:data:`current_app` works.
+    with app.test_request_context(
+        "/make_report/2017", query_string={"format": "short"}
+    ):
+        generate_report()
 
 
-Events and Signals
-------------------
+.. _context-visibility:
 
-The application will call functions registered with
-:meth:`~Flask.teardown_appcontext` when the application context is
-popped.
+Visibility of the Context
+-------------------------
 
-If :data:`~signals.signals_available` is true, the following signals are
-sent: :data:`appcontext_pushed`, :data:`appcontext_tearing_down`, and
-:data:`appcontext_popped`.
+The context will have the same lifetime as an activity, such as a request, CLI
+command, or ``with`` block. Various callbacks and signals registered with the
+app will be run during the context.
+
+When a Flask application handles a request, it pushes a requet context
+to set the active application and request data. When it handles a CLI command,
+it pushes an app context to set the active application. When the activity ends,
+it pops that context. Proxy objects like :data:`.request`, :data:`.session`,
+:data:`.g`, and :data:`.current_app`, are accessible while the context is pushed
+and active, and are not accessible after the context is popped.
+
+The context is unique to each thread (or other worker type). The proxies cannot
+be passed to another worker, which has a different context space and will not
+know about the active context in the parent's space.
+
+Besides being scoped to each worker, the proxy object has a separate type and
+identity than the proxied real object. In some cases you'll need access to the
+real object, rather than the proxy. Use the
+:meth:`~.LocalProxy._get_current_object` method in those cases.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    app = current_app._get_current_object()
+    my_signal.send(app)
+
+
+Lifcycle of the Context
+-----------------------
+
+Flask dispatches a request in multiple stages which can affect the request,
+response, and how errors are handled. See :doc:`/lifecycle` for a list of all
+the steps, callbacks, and signals during each request. The following are the
+steps directly related to the context.
+
+-   The app context is pushed, the proxies are available.
+-   The :data:`.appcontext_pushed` signal is sent.
+-   The request is dispatched.
+-   Any :meth:`.Flask.teardown_request` decorated functions are called.
+-   The :data:`.request_tearing_down` signal is sent.
+-   Any :meth:`.Flask.teardown_appcontext` decorated functions are called.
+-   The :data:`.appcontext_tearing_down` signal is sent.
+-   The app context is popped, the proxies are no longer available.
+-   The :data:`.appcontext_popped` signal is sent.
+
+The teardown callbacks are called by the context when it is popped. They are
+called even if there is an unhandled exception during dispatch. They may be
+called multiple times in some test scenarios. This means there is no guarantee
+that any other parts of the request dispatch have run. Be sure to write these
+functions in a way that does not depend on other callbacks and will not fail.
+
+
+How the Context Works
+---------------------
+
+Context locals are implemented using Python's :mod:`contextvars` and Werkzeug's
+:class:`~werkzeug.local.LocalProxy`. Python's contextvars are a low level
+structure to manage data local to a thread or coroutine. ``LocalProxy`` wraps
+the contextvar so that access to any attributes and methods is forwarded to the
+object stored in the contextvar.
+
+The context is tracked like a stack, with the active context at the top of the
+stack. Flask manages pushing and popping contexts during requests, CLI commands,
+testing, ``with`` blocks, etc. The proxies access attributes on the active
+context.
+
+Because it is a stack, other contexts may be pushed to change the proxies during
+an already active context. This is not a common pattern, but can be used in
+advanced use cases. For example, a Flask application can be used as WSGI
+middleware, calling another wrapped Flask app from a view.

docs/async-await.rst

@@ -23,12 +23,6 @@ method in views that inherit from the :class:`flask.views.View` class, as
 well as all the HTTP method handlers in views that inherit from the
 :class:`flask.views.MethodView` class.
 
-.. admonition:: Using ``async`` on Windows on Python 3.8
-
-    Python 3.8 has a bug related to asyncio on Windows. If you encounter
-    something like ``ValueError: set_wakeup_fd only works in main thread``,
-    please upgrade to Python 3.9.
-
 .. admonition:: Using ``async`` with greenlet
 
     When using gevent or eventlet to serve an application or patch the

docs/blueprints.rst

@@ -140,6 +140,19 @@ name, and child URLs will be prefixed with the parent's URL prefix.
     url_for('parent.child.create')
     /parent/child/create
 
+In addition a child blueprint's will gain their parent's subdomain,
+with their subdomain as prefix if present i.e.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    parent = Blueprint('parent', __name__, subdomain='parent')
+    child = Blueprint('child', __name__, subdomain='child')
+    parent.register_blueprint(child)
+    app.register_blueprint(parent)
+
+    url_for('parent.child.create', _external=True)
+    "child.parent.domain.tld"
+
 Blueprint-specific before request functions, etc. registered with the
 parent will trigger for the child. If a child does not have an error
 handler that can handle a given exception, the parent's will be tried.

docs/cli.rst

@@ -288,25 +288,25 @@ script. Activating the virtualenv will set the variables.
 
    .. group-tab:: Bash
 
-      Unix Bash, :file:`venv/bin/activate`::
+      Unix Bash, :file:`.venv/bin/activate`::
 
           $ export FLASK_APP=hello
 
    .. group-tab:: Fish
 
-      Fish, :file:`venv/bin/activate.fish`::
+      Fish, :file:`.venv/bin/activate.fish`::
 
           $ set -x FLASK_APP hello
 
    .. group-tab:: CMD
 
-      Windows CMD, :file:`venv\\Scripts\\activate.bat`::
+      Windows CMD, :file:`.venv\\Scripts\\activate.bat`::
 
           > set FLASK_APP=hello
 
    .. group-tab:: Powershell
 
-      Windows Powershell, :file:`venv\\Scripts\\activate.ps1`::
+      Windows Powershell, :file:`.venv\\Scripts\\activate.ps1`::
 
           > $env:FLASK_APP = "hello"
 
@@ -446,24 +446,16 @@ Plugins
 
 Flask will automatically load commands specified in the ``flask.commands``
 `entry point`_. This is useful for extensions that want to add commands when
-they are installed. Entry points are specified in :file:`setup.py` ::
+they are installed. Entry points are specified in :file:`pyproject.toml`:
 
-    from setuptools import setup
-
-    setup(
-        name='flask-my-extension',
-        ...,
-        entry_points={
-            'flask.commands': [
-                'my-command=flask_my_extension.commands:cli'
-            ],
-        },
-    )
+.. code-block:: toml
 
+    [project.entry-points."flask.commands"]
+    my-command = "my_extension.commands:cli"
 
 .. _entry point: https://packaging.python.org/tutorials/packaging-projects/#entry-points
 
-Inside :file:`flask_my_extension/commands.py` you can then export a Click
+Inside :file:`my_extension/commands.py` you can then export a Click
 object::
 
     import click
@@ -501,19 +493,12 @@ Create an instance of :class:`~cli.FlaskGroup` and pass it the factory::
     def cli():
         """Management script for the Wiki application."""
 
-Define the entry point in :file:`setup.py`::
+Define the entry point in :file:`pyproject.toml`:
 
-    from setuptools import setup
+.. code-block:: toml
 
-    setup(
-        name='flask-my-extension',
-        ...,
-        entry_points={
-            'console_scripts': [
-                'wiki=wiki:cli'
-            ],
-        },
-    )
+    [project.scripts]
+    wiki = "wiki:cli"
 
 Install the application in the virtualenv in editable mode and the custom
 script is available. Note that you don't need to set ``--app``. ::

docs/conf.py

@@ -11,16 +11,23 @@ release, version = get_version("Flask")
 
 # General --------------------------------------------------------------
 
-master_doc = "index"
+default_role = "code"
 extensions = [
     "sphinx.ext.autodoc",
+    "sphinx.ext.extlinks",
     "sphinx.ext.intersphinx",
     "sphinxcontrib.log_cabinet",
-    "pallets_sphinx_themes",
-    "sphinx_issues",
     "sphinx_tabs.tabs",
+    "pallets_sphinx_themes",
 ]
+autodoc_member_order = "bysource"
 autodoc_typehints = "description"
+autodoc_preserve_defaults = True
+extlinks = {
+    "issue": ("https://github.com/pallets/flask/issues/%s", "#%s"),
+    "pr": ("https://github.com/pallets/flask/pull/%s", "#%s"),
+    "ghsa": ("https://github.com/pallets/flask/security/advisories/GHSA-%s", "GHSA-%s"),
+}
 intersphinx_mapping = {
     "python": ("https://docs.python.org/3/", None),
     "werkzeug": ("https://werkzeug.palletsprojects.com/", None),
@@ -31,7 +38,6 @@ intersphinx_mapping = {
     "wtforms": ("https://wtforms.readthedocs.io/", None),
     "blinker": ("https://blinker.readthedocs.io/", None),
 }
-issues_github_path = "pallets/flask"
 
 # HTML -----------------------------------------------------------------
 
@@ -43,8 +49,6 @@ html_context = {
         ProjectLink("PyPI Releases", "https://pypi.org/project/Flask/"),
         ProjectLink("Source Code", "https://github.com/pallets/flask/"),
         ProjectLink("Issue Tracker", "https://github.com/pallets/flask/issues/"),
-        ProjectLink("Website", "https://palletsprojects.com/p/flask/"),
-        ProjectLink("Twitter", "https://twitter.com/PalletsTeam"),
         ProjectLink("Chat", "https://discord.gg/pallets"),
     ]
 }
@@ -54,14 +58,13 @@ html_sidebars = {
 }
 singlehtml_sidebars = {"index": ["project.html", "localtoc.html", "ethicalads.html"]}
 html_static_path = ["_static"]
-html_favicon = "_static/flask-icon.png"
-html_logo = "_static/flask-icon.png"
+html_favicon = "_static/flask-icon.svg"
+html_logo = "_static/flask-logo.svg"
 html_title = f"Flask Documentation ({version})"
 html_show_sourcelink = False
 
-# LaTeX ----------------------------------------------------------------
-
-latex_documents = [(master_doc, f"Flask-{version}.tex", html_title, author, "manual")]
+gettext_uuid = True
+gettext_compact = False
 
 # Local Extensions -----------------------------------------------------
 

docs/config.rst

@@ -65,18 +65,6 @@ Builtin Configuration Values
 
 The following configuration values are used internally by Flask:
 
-.. py:data:: ENV
-
-    What environment the app is running in. The :attr:`~flask.Flask.env` attribute maps
-    to this config key.
-
-    Default: ``'production'``
-
-    .. deprecated:: 2.2
-        Will be removed in Flask 2.3. Use ``--debug`` instead.
-
-    .. versionadded:: 1.0
-
 .. py:data:: DEBUG
 
     Whether debug mode is enabled. When using ``flask run`` to start the development
@@ -137,6 +125,25 @@ The following configuration values are used internally by Flask:
 
     Default: ``None``
 
+.. py:data:: SECRET_KEY_FALLBACKS
+
+    A list of old secret keys that can still be used for unsigning. This allows
+    a project to implement key rotation without invalidating active sessions or
+    other recently-signed secrets.
+
+    Keys should be removed after an appropriate period of time, as checking each
+    additional key adds some overhead.
+
+    Order should not matter, but the default implementation will test the last
+    key in the list first, so it might make sense to order oldest to newest.
+
+    Flask's built-in secure cookie session supports this. Extensions that use
+    :data:`SECRET_KEY` may not support this yet.
+
+    Default: ``None``
+
+    .. versionadded:: 3.1
+
 .. py:data:: SESSION_COOKIE_NAME
 
     The name of the session cookie. Can be changed in case you already have a
@@ -146,12 +153,23 @@ The following configuration values are used internally by Flask:
 
 .. py:data:: SESSION_COOKIE_DOMAIN
 
-    The domain match rule that the session cookie will be valid for. If not
-    set, the cookie will be valid for all subdomains of :data:`SERVER_NAME`.
-    If ``False``, the cookie's domain will not be set.
+    The value of the ``Domain`` parameter on the session cookie. If not set, browsers
+    will only send the cookie to the exact domain it was set from. Otherwise, they
+    will send it to any subdomain of the given value as well.
+
+    Not setting this value is more restricted and secure than setting it.
 
     Default: ``None``
 
+    .. warning::
+        If this is changed after the browser created a cookie is created with
+        one setting, it may result in another being created. Browsers may send
+        send both in an undefined order. In that case, you may want to change
+        :data:`SESSION_COOKIE_NAME` as well or otherwise invalidate old sessions.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 2.3
+        Not set by default, does not fall back to ``SERVER_NAME``.
+
 .. py:data:: SESSION_COOKIE_PATH
 
     The path that the session cookie will be valid for. If not set, the cookie
@@ -174,6 +192,23 @@ The following configuration values are used internally by Flask:
 
     Default: ``False``
 
+.. py:data:: SESSION_COOKIE_PARTITIONED
+
+    Browsers will send cookies based on the top-level document's domain, rather
+    than only the domain of the document setting the cookie. This prevents third
+    party cookies set in iframes from "leaking" between separate sites.
+
+    Browsers are beginning to disallow non-partitioned third party cookies, so
+    you need to mark your cookies partitioned if you expect them to work in such
+    embedded situations.
+
+    Enabling this implicitly enables :data:`SESSION_COOKIE_SECURE` as well, as
+    it is only valid when served over HTTPS.
+
+    Default: ``False``
+
+    .. versionadded:: 3.1
+
 .. py:data:: SESSION_COOKIE_SAMESITE
 
     Restrict how cookies are sent with requests from external sites. Can
@@ -226,24 +261,43 @@ The following configuration values are used internally by Flask:
 
     Default: ``None``
 
-.. py:data:: SERVER_NAME
+.. py:data:: TRUSTED_HOSTS
 
-    Inform the application what host and port it is bound to. Required
-    for subdomain route matching support.
+    Validate :attr:`.Request.host` and other attributes that use it against
+    these trusted values. Raise a :exc:`~werkzeug.exceptions.SecurityError` if
+    the host is invalid, which results in a 400 error. If it is ``None``, all
+    hosts are valid. Each value is either an exact match, or can start with
+    a dot ``.`` to match any subdomain.
 
-    If set, will be used for the session cookie domain if
-    :data:`SESSION_COOKIE_DOMAIN` is not set. Modern web browsers will
-    not allow setting cookies for domains without a dot. To use a domain
-    locally, add any names that should route to the app to your
-    ``hosts`` file. ::
-
-        127.0.0.1 localhost.dev
-
-    If set, ``url_for`` can generate external URLs with only an application
-    context instead of a request context.
+    Validation is done during routing against this value. ``before_request`` and
+    ``after_request`` callbacks will still be called.
 
     Default: ``None``
 
+    .. versionadded:: 3.1
+
+.. py:data:: SERVER_NAME
+
+    Inform the application what host and port it is bound to.
+
+    Must be set if ``subdomain_matching`` is enabled, to be able to extract the
+    subdomain from the request.
+
+    Must be set for ``url_for`` to generate external URLs outside of a
+    request context.
+
+    Default: ``None``
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 3.1
+        Does not restrict requests to only this domain, for both
+        ``subdomain_matching`` and ``host_matching``.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 1.0
+        Does not implicitly enable ``subdomain_matching``.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 2.3
+        Does not affect ``SESSION_COOKIE_DOMAIN``.
+
 .. py:data:: APPLICATION_ROOT
 
     Inform the application what path it is mounted under by the application /
@@ -265,57 +319,53 @@ The following configuration values are used internally by Flask:
 
 .. py:data:: MAX_CONTENT_LENGTH
 
-    Don't read more than this many bytes from the incoming request data. If not
-    set and the request does not specify a ``CONTENT_LENGTH``, no data will be
-    read for security.
+    The maximum number of bytes that will be read during this request. If
+    this limit is exceeded, a 413 :exc:`~werkzeug.exceptions.RequestEntityTooLarge`
+    error is raised. If it is set to ``None``, no limit is enforced at the
+    Flask application level. However, if it is ``None`` and the request has no
+    ``Content-Length`` header and the WSGI server does not indicate that it
+    terminates the stream, then no data is read to avoid an infinite stream.
+
+    Each request defaults to this config. It can be set on a specific
+    :attr:`.Request.max_content_length` to apply the limit to that specific
+    view. This should be set appropriately based on an application's or view's
+    specific needs.
 
     Default: ``None``
 
-.. py:data:: JSON_AS_ASCII
+    .. versionadded:: 0.6
 
-    Serialize objects to ASCII-encoded JSON. If this is disabled, the
-    JSON returned from ``jsonify`` will contain Unicode characters. This
-    has security implications when rendering the JSON into JavaScript in
-    templates, and should typically remain enabled.
+.. py:data:: MAX_FORM_MEMORY_SIZE
 
-    Default: ``True``
+    The maximum size in bytes any non-file form field may be in a
+    ``multipart/form-data`` body. If this limit is exceeded, a 413
+    :exc:`~werkzeug.exceptions.RequestEntityTooLarge` error is raised. If it is
+    set to ``None``, no limit is enforced at the Flask application level.
 
-    .. deprecated:: 2.2
-        Will be removed in Flask 2.3. Set ``app.json.ensure_ascii``
-        instead.
+    Each request defaults to this config. It can be set on a specific
+    :attr:`.Request.max_form_memory_parts` to apply the limit to that specific
+    view. This should be set appropriately based on an application's or view's
+    specific needs.
 
-.. py:data:: JSON_SORT_KEYS
+    Default: ``500_000``
 
-    Sort the keys of JSON objects alphabetically. This is useful for caching
-    because it ensures the data is serialized the same way no matter what
-    Python's hash seed is. While not recommended, you can disable this for a
-    possible performance improvement at the cost of caching.
+    .. versionadded:: 3.1
 
-    Default: ``True``
+.. py:data:: MAX_FORM_PARTS
 
-    .. deprecated:: 2.2
-        Will be removed in Flask 2.3. Set ``app.json.sort_keys``
-        instead.
+    The maximum number of fields that may be present in a
+    ``multipart/form-data`` body. If this limit is exceeded, a 413
+    :exc:`~werkzeug.exceptions.RequestEntityTooLarge` error is raised. If it
+    is set to ``None``, no limit is enforced at the Flask application level.
 
-.. py:data:: JSONIFY_PRETTYPRINT_REGULAR
+    Each request defaults to this config. It can be set on a specific
+    :attr:`.Request.max_form_parts` to apply the limit to that specific view.
+    This should be set appropriately based on an application's or view's
+    specific needs.
 
-    :func:`~flask.jsonify` responses will be output with newlines,
-    spaces, and indentation for easier reading by humans. Always enabled
-    in debug mode.
+    Default: ``1_000``
 
-    Default: ``False``
-
-    .. deprecated:: 2.2
-        Will be removed in Flask 2.3. Set ``app.json.compact`` instead.
-
-.. py:data:: JSONIFY_MIMETYPE
-
-    The mimetype of ``jsonify`` responses.
-
-    Default: ``'application/json'``
-
-    .. deprecated:: 2.2
-        Will be removed in Flask 2.3. Set ``app.json.mimetype`` instead.
+    .. versionadded:: 3.1
 
 .. py:data:: TEMPLATES_AUTO_RELOAD
 
@@ -338,6 +388,12 @@ The following configuration values are used internally by Flask:
     ``4093``. Larger cookies may be silently ignored by browsers. Set to
     ``0`` to disable the warning.
 
+.. py:data:: PROVIDE_AUTOMATIC_OPTIONS
+
+    Set to ``False`` to disable the automatic addition of OPTIONS
+    responses. This can be overridden per route by altering the
+    ``provide_automatic_options`` attribute.
+
 .. versionadded:: 0.4
    ``LOGGER_NAME``
 
@@ -381,14 +437,17 @@ The following configuration values are used internally by Flask:
 .. versionchanged:: 2.2
     Removed ``PRESERVE_CONTEXT_ON_EXCEPTION``.
 
-.. versionchanged:: 2.2
-    ``JSON_AS_ASCII``, ``JSON_SORT_KEYS``,
-    ``JSONIFY_MIMETYPE``, and ``JSONIFY_PRETTYPRINT_REGULAR`` will be
-    removed in Flask 2.3. The default ``app.json`` provider has
+.. versionchanged:: 2.3
+    ``JSON_AS_ASCII``, ``JSON_SORT_KEYS``, ``JSONIFY_MIMETYPE``, and
+    ``JSONIFY_PRETTYPRINT_REGULAR`` were removed. The default ``app.json`` provider has
     equivalent attributes instead.
 
-.. versionchanged:: 2.2
-    ``ENV`` will be removed in Flask 2.3. Use ``--debug`` instead.
+.. versionchanged:: 2.3
+    ``ENV`` was removed.
+
+.. versionadded:: 3.10
+    Added :data:`PROVIDE_AUTOMATIC_OPTIONS` to control the default
+    addition of autogenerated OPTIONS responses.
 
 
 Configuring from Python Files
@@ -469,8 +528,8 @@ from a TOML file:
 
 .. code-block:: python
 
-    import toml
-    app.config.from_file("config.toml", load=toml.load)
+    import tomllib
+    app.config.from_file("config.toml", load=tomllib.load, text=False)
 
 Or from a JSON file:
 

docs/contributing.rst

@@ -1 +1,8 @@
-.. include:: ../CONTRIBUTING.rst
+Contributing
+============
+
+See the Pallets `detailed contributing documentation <contrib_>`_ for many ways
+to contribute, including reporting issues, requesting features, asking or
+answering questions, and making PRs.
+
+.. _contrib: https://palletsprojects.com/contributing/

docs/deploying/asgi.rst

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ wrapping the Flask app,
     asgi_app = WsgiToAsgi(app)
 
 and then serving the ``asgi_app`` with the ASGI server, e.g. using
-`Hypercorn <https://gitlab.com/pgjones/hypercorn>`_,
+`Hypercorn <https://github.com/pgjones/hypercorn>`_,
 
 .. sourcecode:: text
 

docs/deploying/eventlet.rst

@@ -34,8 +34,8 @@ Create a virtualenv, install your application, then install
 .. code-block:: text
 
     $ cd hello-app
-    $ python -m venv venv
-    $ . venv/bin/activate
+    $ python -m venv .venv
+    $ . .venv/bin/activate
     $ pip install .  # install your application
     $ pip install eventlet
 

docs/deploying/gevent.rst

@@ -33,8 +33,8 @@ Create a virtualenv, install your application, then install ``gevent``.
 .. code-block:: text
 
     $ cd hello-app
-    $ python -m venv venv
-    $ . venv/bin/activate
+    $ python -m venv .venv
+    $ . .venv/bin/activate
     $ pip install .  # install your application
     $ pip install gevent
 

docs/deploying/gunicorn.rst

@@ -30,8 +30,8 @@ Create a virtualenv, install your application, then install
 .. code-block:: text
 
     $ cd hello-app
-    $ python -m venv venv
-    $ . venv/bin/activate
+    $ python -m venv .venv
+    $ . .venv/bin/activate
     $ pip install .  # install your application
     $ pip install gunicorn
 

docs/deploying/mod_wsgi.rst

@@ -33,8 +33,8 @@ Create a virtualenv, install your application, then install
 .. code-block:: text
 
     $ cd hello-app
-    $ python -m venv venv
-    $ . venv/bin/activate
+    $ python -m venv .venv
+    $ . .venv/bin/activate
     $ pip install .  # install your application
     $ pip install mod_wsgi
 
@@ -89,6 +89,6 @@ mod_wsgi to drop to that user after starting.
 
 .. code-block:: text
 
-    $ sudo /home/hello/venv/bin/mod_wsgi-express start-server \
+    $ sudo /home/hello/.venv/bin/mod_wsgi-express start-server \
         /home/hello/wsgi.py \
         --user hello --group hello --port 80 --processes 4

docs/deploying/uwsgi.rst

@@ -29,8 +29,8 @@ Create a virtualenv, install your application, then install ``pyuwsgi``.
 .. code-block:: text
 
     $ cd hello-app
-    $ python -m venv venv
-    $ . venv/bin/activate
+    $ python -m venv .venv
+    $ . .venv/bin/activate
     $ pip install .  # install your application
     $ pip install pyuwsgi
 

docs/deploying/waitress.rst

@@ -27,8 +27,8 @@ Create a virtualenv, install your application, then install
 .. code-block:: text
 
     $ cd hello-app
-    $ python -m venv venv
-    $ . venv/bin/activate
+    $ python -m venv .venv
+    $ . .venv/bin/activate
     $ pip install .  # install your application
     $ pip install waitress
 
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ reverse proxy such as :doc:`nginx` or :doc:`apache-httpd` should be used
 in front of Waitress.
 
 You can bind to all external IPs on a non-privileged port by not
-specifying the ``--host`` option. Don't do this when using a revers
+specifying the ``--host`` option. Don't do this when using a reverse
 proxy setup, otherwise it will be possible to bypass the proxy.
 
 ``0.0.0.0`` is not a valid address to navigate to, you'd use a specific

docs/design.rst

@@ -96,10 +96,10 @@ is ambiguous.
 One Template Engine
 -------------------
 
-Flask decides on one template engine: Jinja2.  Why doesn't Flask have a
+Flask decides on one template engine: Jinja.  Why doesn't Flask have a
 pluggable template engine interface?  You can obviously use a different
-template engine, but Flask will still configure Jinja2 for you.  While
-that limitation that Jinja2 is *always* configured will probably go away,
+template engine, but Flask will still configure Jinja for you.  While
+that limitation that Jinja is *always* configured will probably go away,
 the decision to bundle one template engine and use that will not.
 
 Template engines are like programming languages and each of those engines
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ has a certain understanding about how things work.  On the surface they
 all work the same: you tell the engine to evaluate a template with a set
 of variables and take the return value as string.
 
-But that's about where similarities end. Jinja2 for example has an
+But that's about where similarities end. Jinja for example has an
 extensive filter system, a certain way to do template inheritance,
 support for reusable blocks (macros) that can be used from inside
 templates and also from Python code, supports iterative template
@@ -118,8 +118,8 @@ other hand treats templates similar to Python modules.
 
 When it comes to connecting a template engine with an application or
 framework there is more than just rendering templates.  For instance,
-Flask uses Jinja2's extensive autoescaping support.  Also it provides
-ways to access macros from Jinja2 templates.
+Flask uses Jinja's extensive autoescaping support.  Also it provides
+ways to access macros from Jinja templates.
 
 A template abstraction layer that would not take the unique features of
 the template engines away is a science on its own and a too large
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ authentication technologies, and more. Flask may be "micro", but it's ready for
 production use on a variety of needs.
 
 Why does Flask call itself a microframework and yet it depends on two
-libraries (namely Werkzeug and Jinja2).  Why shouldn't it?  If we look
+libraries (namely Werkzeug and Jinja).  Why shouldn't it?  If we look
 over to the Ruby side of web development there we have a protocol very
 similar to WSGI.  Just that it's called Rack there, but besides that it
 looks very much like a WSGI rendition for Ruby.  But nearly all
@@ -169,19 +169,20 @@ infrastructure, packages with dependencies are no longer an issue and
 there are very few reasons against having libraries that depend on others.
 
 
-Thread Locals
--------------
+Context Locals
+--------------
 
-Flask uses thread local objects (context local objects in fact, they
-support greenlet contexts as well) for request, session and an extra
-object you can put your own things on (:data:`~flask.g`).  Why is that and
-isn't that a bad idea?
+Flask uses special context locals and proxies to provide access to the
+current app and request data to any code running during a request, CLI command,
+etc. Context locals are specific to the worker handling the activity, such as a
+thread, process, coroutine, or greenlet.
 
-Yes it is usually not such a bright idea to use thread locals.  They cause
-troubles for servers that are not based on the concept of threads and make
-large applications harder to maintain.  However Flask is just not designed
-for large applications or asynchronous servers.  Flask wants to make it
-quick and easy to write a traditional web application.
+The context and proxies help solve two development issues: circular imports, and
+passing around global data. :data:`.current_app: can be used to access the
+application object without needing to import the app object directly, avoiding
+circular import issues. :data:`.request`, :data:`.session`, and :data`.g` can be
+imported to access the current data for the request, rather than needing to
+pass them as arguments through every single function in your project.
 
 
 Async/await and ASGI support
@@ -208,7 +209,7 @@ What Flask is, What Flask is Not
 
 Flask will never have a database layer.  It will not have a form library
 or anything else in that direction.  Flask itself just bridges to Werkzeug
-to implement a proper WSGI application and to Jinja2 to handle templating.
+to implement a proper WSGI application and to Jinja to handle templating.
 It also binds to a few common standard library packages such as logging.
 Everything else is up for extensions.
 

docs/errorhandling.rst

@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ responses, you could also pass them through directly.
 Error handlers still respect the exception class hierarchy. If you
 register handlers for both ``HTTPException`` and ``Exception``, the
 ``Exception`` handler will not handle ``HTTPException`` subclasses
-because it the ``HTTPException`` handler is more specific.
+because the ``HTTPException`` handler is more specific.
 
 
 Unhandled Exceptions

docs/extensiondev.rst

@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ application instance.
 It is important that the app is not stored on the extension, don't do
 ``self.app = app``. The only time the extension should have direct
 access to an app is during ``init_app``, otherwise it should use
-:data:`current_app`.
+:data:`.current_app`.
 
 This allows the extension to support the application factory pattern,
 avoids circular import issues when importing the extension instance
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ during an extension's ``init_app`` method.
 A common pattern is to use :meth:`~Flask.before_request` to initialize
 some data or a connection at the beginning of each request, then
 :meth:`~Flask.teardown_request` to clean it up at the end. This can be
-stored on :data:`g`, discussed more below.
+stored on :data:`.g`, discussed more below.
 
 A more lazy approach is to provide a method that initializes and caches
 the data or connection. For example, a ``ext.get_db`` method could
@@ -179,13 +179,12 @@ name as a prefix, or as a namespace.
     g._hello = SimpleNamespace()
     g._hello.user_id = 2
 
-The data in ``g`` lasts for an application context. An application
-context is active when a request context is, or when a CLI command is
-run. If you're storing something that should be closed, use
-:meth:`~flask.Flask.teardown_appcontext` to ensure that it gets closed
-when the application context ends. If it should only be valid during a
-request, or would not be used in the CLI outside a request, use
-:meth:`~flask.Flask.teardown_request`.
+The data in ``g`` lasts for an application context. An application context is
+active during a request, CLI command, or ``with app.app_context()`` block. If
+you're storing something that should be closed, use
+:meth:`~flask.Flask.teardown_appcontext` to ensure that it gets closed when the
+app context ends. If it should only be valid during a request, or would not be
+used in the CLI outside a request, use :meth:`~flask.Flask.teardown_request`.
 
 
 Views and Models
@@ -293,12 +292,14 @@ ecosystem remain consistent and compatible.
     any particular version scheme, but should use lower bounds to
     indicate minimum compatibility support. For example,
     ``sqlalchemy>=1.4``.
-9.  Indicate the versions of Python supported using
-    ``python_requires=">=version"``. Flask itself supports Python >=3.7
-    as of December 2021, but this will update over time.
+9.  Indicate the versions of Python supported using ``python_requires=">=version"``.
+    Flask and Pallets policy is to support all Python versions that are not
+    within six months of end of life (EOL). See Python's `EOL calendar`_ for
+    timing.
 
 .. _PyPI: https://pypi.org/search/?c=Framework+%3A%3A+Flask
 .. _Discord Chat: https://discord.gg/pallets
 .. _GitHub Discussions: https://github.com/pallets/flask/discussions
 .. _Official Pallets Themes: https://pypi.org/project/Pallets-Sphinx-Themes/
 .. _Pallets-Eco: https://github.com/pallets-eco
+.. _EOL calendar: https://devguide.python.org/versions/

docs/index.rst

@@ -3,12 +3,15 @@
 Welcome to Flask
 ================
 
-.. image:: _static/flask-logo.png
-    :alt: Flask: web development, one drop at a time
+.. image:: _static/flask-name.svg
     :align: center
-    :target: https://palletsprojects.com/p/flask/
+    :height: 200px
 
-Welcome to Flask's documentation. Get started with :doc:`installation`
+Welcome to Flask's documentation. Flask is a lightweight WSGI web application framework.
+It is designed to make getting started quick and easy, with the ability to scale up to
+complex applications.
+
+Get started with :doc:`installation`
 and then get an overview with the :doc:`quickstart`. There is also a
 more detailed :doc:`tutorial/index` that shows how to create a small but
 complete application with Flask. Common patterns are described in the
@@ -16,14 +19,13 @@ complete application with Flask. Common patterns are described in the
 component of Flask in detail, with a full reference in the :doc:`api`
 section.
 
-Flask depends on the `Jinja`_ template engine and the `Werkzeug`_ WSGI
-toolkit. The documentation for these libraries can be found at:
+Flask depends on the `Werkzeug`_ WSGI toolkit, the `Jinja`_ template engine, and the
+`Click`_ CLI toolkit. Be sure to check their documentation as well as Flask's when
+looking for information.
 
-- `Jinja documentation <https://jinja.palletsprojects.com/>`_
-- `Werkzeug documentation <https://werkzeug.palletsprojects.com/>`_
-
-.. _Jinja: https://www.palletsprojects.com/p/jinja/
-.. _Werkzeug: https://www.palletsprojects.com/p/werkzeug/
+.. _Werkzeug: https://werkzeug.palletsprojects.com
+.. _Jinja: https://jinja.palletsprojects.com
+.. _Click: https://click.palletsprojects.com
 
 
 User's Guide
@@ -50,14 +52,13 @@ community-maintained extensions to add even more functionality.
    views
    lifecycle
    appcontext
-   reqcontext
    blueprints
    extensions
    cli
    server
    shell
    patterns/index
-   security
+   web-security
    deploying/index
    async-await
 

docs/installation.rst

@@ -5,8 +5,7 @@ Installation
 Python Version
 --------------
 
-We recommend using the latest version of Python. Flask supports Python
-3.7 and newer.
+We recommend using the latest version of Python. Flask supports Python 3.10 and newer.
 
 
 Dependencies
@@ -24,12 +23,14 @@ These distributions will be installed automatically when installing Flask.
   to protect Flask's session cookie.
 * `Click`_ is a framework for writing command line applications. It provides
   the ``flask`` command and allows adding custom management commands.
+* `Blinker`_ provides support for :doc:`signals`.
 
 .. _Werkzeug: https://palletsprojects.com/p/werkzeug/
 .. _Jinja: https://palletsprojects.com/p/jinja/
 .. _MarkupSafe: https://palletsprojects.com/p/markupsafe/
 .. _ItsDangerous: https://palletsprojects.com/p/itsdangerous/
 .. _Click: https://palletsprojects.com/p/click/
+.. _Blinker: https://blinker.readthedocs.io/
 
 
 Optional dependencies
@@ -38,13 +39,11 @@ Optional dependencies
 These distributions will not be installed automatically. Flask will detect and
 use them if you install them.
 
-* `Blinker`_ provides support for :doc:`signals`.
 * `python-dotenv`_ enables support for :ref:`dotenv` when running ``flask``
   commands.
 * `Watchdog`_ provides a faster, more efficient reloader for the development
   server.
 
-.. _Blinker: https://blinker.readthedocs.io/en/stable/
 .. _python-dotenv: https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv#readme
 .. _watchdog: https://pythonhosted.org/watchdog/
 
@@ -85,7 +84,7 @@ environments.
 Create an environment
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
-Create a project folder and a :file:`venv` folder within:
+Create a project folder and a :file:`.venv` folder within:
 
 .. tabs::
 
@@ -95,7 +94,7 @@ Create a project folder and a :file:`venv` folder within:
 
          $ mkdir myproject
          $ cd myproject
-         $ python3 -m venv venv
+         $ python3 -m venv .venv
 
    .. group-tab:: Windows
 
@@ -103,7 +102,7 @@ Create a project folder and a :file:`venv` folder within:
 
          > mkdir myproject
          > cd myproject
-         > py -3 -m venv venv
+         > py -3 -m venv .venv
 
 
 .. _install-activate-env:
@@ -119,13 +118,13 @@ Before you work on your project, activate the corresponding environment:
 
       .. code-block:: text
 
-         $ . venv/bin/activate
+         $ . .venv/bin/activate
 
    .. group-tab:: Windows
 
       .. code-block:: text
 
-         > venv\Scripts\activate
+         > .venv\Scripts\activate
 
 Your shell prompt will change to show the name of the activated
 environment.

docs/license.rst

@@ -1,19 +1,5 @@
-License
-=======
+BSD-3-Clause License
+====================
 
-BSD-3-Clause Source License
----------------------------
-
-The BSD-3-Clause license applies to all files in the Flask repository
-and source distribution. This includes Flask's source code, the
-examples, and tests, as well as the documentation.
-
-.. include:: ../LICENSE.rst
-
-
-Artwork License
----------------
-
-This license applies to Flask's logo.
-
-.. include:: ../artwork/LICENSE.rst
+.. literalinclude:: ../LICENSE.txt
+    :language: text

docs/lifecycle.rst

@@ -117,15 +117,12 @@ the view function, and pass the return value back to the server. But there are m
 parts that you can use to customize its behavior.
 
 #.  WSGI server calls the Flask object, which calls :meth:`.Flask.wsgi_app`.
-#.  A :class:`.RequestContext` object is created. This converts the WSGI ``environ``
-    dict into a :class:`.Request` object. It also creates an :class:`AppContext` object.
-#.  The :doc:`app context <appcontext>` is pushed, which makes :data:`.current_app` and
-    :data:`.g` available.
+#.  An :class:`.AppContext` object is created. This converts the WSGI ``environ``
+    dict into a :class:`.Request` object.
+#.  The :doc:`app context <appcontext>` is pushed, which makes
+    :data:`.current_app`, :data:`.g`, :data:`.request`, and :data:`.session`
+    available.
 #.  The :data:`.appcontext_pushed` signal is sent.
-#.  The :doc:`request context <reqcontext>` is pushed, which makes :attr:`.request` and
-    :class:`.session` available.
-#.  The session is opened, loading any existing session data using the app's
-    :attr:`~.Flask.session_interface`, an instance of :class:`.SessionInterface`.
 #.  The URL is matched against the URL rules registered with the :meth:`~.Flask.route`
     decorator during application setup. If there is no match, the error - usually a 404,
     405, or redirect - is stored to be handled later.
@@ -141,7 +138,8 @@ parts that you can use to customize its behavior.
     called to handle the error and return a response.
 #.  Whatever returned a response value - a before request function, the view, or an
     error handler, that value is converted to a :class:`.Response` object.
-#.  Any :func:`~.after_this_request` decorated functions are called, then cleared.
+#.  Any :func:`~.after_this_request` decorated functions are called, which can modify
+    the response object. They are then cleared.
 #.  Any :meth:`~.Flask.after_request` decorated functions are called, which can modify
     the response object.
 #.  The session is saved, persisting any modified session data using the app's
@@ -154,14 +152,19 @@ parts that you can use to customize its behavior.
 #.  The response object's status, headers, and body are returned to the WSGI server.
 #.  Any :meth:`~.Flask.teardown_request` decorated functions are called.
 #.  The :data:`.request_tearing_down` signal is sent.
-#.  The request context is popped, :attr:`.request` and :class:`.session` are no longer
-    available.
 #.  Any :meth:`~.Flask.teardown_appcontext` decorated functions are called.
 #.  The :data:`.appcontext_tearing_down` signal is sent.
-#.  The app context is popped, :data:`.current_app` and :data:`.g` are no longer
-    available.
+#.  The app context is popped, :data:`.current_app`, :data:`.g`, :data:`.request`,
+    and :data:`.session` are no longer available.
 #.  The :data:`.appcontext_popped` signal is sent.
 
+When executing a CLI command or plain app context without request data, the same
+order of steps is followed, omitting the steps that refer to the request.
+
+A :class:`Blueprint` can add handlers for these events that are specific to the
+blueprint. The handlers for a blueprint will run if the blueprint
+owns the route that matches the request.
+
 There are even more decorators and customization points than this, but that aren't part
 of every request lifecycle. They're more specific to certain things you might use during
 a request, such as templates, building URLs, or handling JSON data. See the rest of this

docs/logging.rst

@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ Depending on your project, it may be more useful to configure each logger you
 care about separately, instead of configuring only the root logger. ::
 
     for logger in (
-        app.logger,
+        logging.getLogger(app.name),
         logging.getLogger('sqlalchemy'),
         logging.getLogger('other_package'),
     ):

docs/patterns/appdispatch.rst

@@ -18,34 +18,20 @@ Working with this Document
 --------------------------
 
 Each of the techniques and examples below results in an ``application``
-object that can be run with any WSGI server. For production, see
-:doc:`/deploying/index`. For development, Werkzeug provides a server
-through :func:`werkzeug.serving.run_simple`::
+object that can be run with any WSGI server. For development, use the
+``flask run`` command to start a development server. For production, see
+:doc:`/deploying/index`.
 
-    from werkzeug.serving import run_simple
-    run_simple('localhost', 5000, application, use_reloader=True)
-
-Note that :func:`run_simple <werkzeug.serving.run_simple>` is not intended for
-use in production.  Use a production WSGI server. See :doc:`/deploying/index`.
-
-In order to use the interactive debugger, debugging must be enabled both on
-the application and the simple server. Here is the "hello world" example with
-debugging and :func:`run_simple <werkzeug.serving.run_simple>`::
+.. code-block:: python
 
     from flask import Flask
-    from werkzeug.serving import run_simple
 
     app = Flask(__name__)
-    app.debug = True
 
     @app.route('/')
     def hello_world():
         return 'Hello World!'
 
-    if __name__ == '__main__':
-        run_simple('localhost', 5000, app,
-                   use_reloader=True, use_debugger=True, use_evalex=True)
-
 
 Combining Applications
 ----------------------
@@ -58,7 +44,9 @@ are combined by the dispatcher middleware into a larger one that is
 dispatched based on prefix.
 
 For example you could have your main application run on ``/`` and your
-backend interface on ``/backend``::
+backend interface on ``/backend``.
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     from werkzeug.middleware.dispatcher import DispatcherMiddleware
     from frontend_app import application as frontend
@@ -89,7 +77,9 @@ the dynamic application creation.
 The perfect level for abstraction in that regard is the WSGI layer.  You
 write your own WSGI application that looks at the request that comes and
 delegates it to your Flask application.  If that application does not
-exist yet, it is dynamically created and remembered::
+exist yet, it is dynamically created and remembered.
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     from threading import Lock
 
@@ -117,7 +107,9 @@ exist yet, it is dynamically created and remembered::
             return app(environ, start_response)
 
 
-This dispatcher can then be used like this::
+This dispatcher can then be used like this:
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     from myapplication import create_app, get_user_for_subdomain
     from werkzeug.exceptions import NotFound
@@ -143,10 +135,12 @@ Dispatch by Path
 
 Dispatching by a path on the URL is very similar.  Instead of looking at
 the ``Host`` header to figure out the subdomain one simply looks at the
-request path up to the first slash::
+request path up to the first slash.
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     from threading import Lock
-    from werkzeug.wsgi import pop_path_info, peek_path_info
+    from wsgiref.util import shift_path_info
 
     class PathDispatcher:
 
@@ -166,15 +160,24 @@ request path up to the first slash::
                 return app
 
         def __call__(self, environ, start_response):
-            app = self.get_application(peek_path_info(environ))
+            app = self.get_application(_peek_path_info(environ))
             if app is not None:
-                pop_path_info(environ)
+                shift_path_info(environ)
             else:
                 app = self.default_app
             return app(environ, start_response)
 
+    def _peek_path_info(environ):
+        segments = environ.get("PATH_INFO", "").lstrip("/").split("/", 1)
+        if segments:
+            return segments[0]
+
+        return None
+
 The big difference between this and the subdomain one is that this one
-falls back to another application if the creator function returns ``None``::
+falls back to another application if the creator function returns ``None``.
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     from myapplication import create_app, default_app, get_user_for_prefix
 

docs/patterns/appfactories.rst

@@ -99,9 +99,9 @@ to the factory like this:
 
 .. code-block:: text
 
-    $ flask --app hello:create_app(local_auth=True) run``
+    $ flask --app 'hello:create_app(local_auth=True)' run
 
-Then the ``create_app`` factory in ``myapp`` is called with the keyword
+Then the ``create_app`` factory in ``hello`` is called with the keyword
 argument ``local_auth=True``. See :doc:`/cli` for more detail.
 
 Factory Improvements

docs/patterns/favicon.rst

@@ -24,8 +24,11 @@ the root path of the domain you either need to configure the web server to
 serve the icon at the root or if you can't do that you're out of luck. If
 however your application is the root you can simply route a redirect::
 
-    app.add_url_rule('/favicon.ico',
-                     redirect_to=url_for('static', filename='favicon.ico'))
+    app.add_url_rule(
+        "/favicon.ico",
+        endpoint="favicon",
+        redirect_to=url_for("static", filename="favicon.ico"),
+    )
 
 If you want to save the extra redirect request you can also write a view
 using :func:`~flask.send_from_directory`::

docs/patterns/javascript.rst

@@ -125,8 +125,8 @@ in a Flask view.
 .. code-block:: javascript
 
     let data = new FormData()
-    data.append("name": "Flask Room")
-    data.append("description": "Talk about Flask here.")
+    data.append("name", "Flask Room")
+    data.append("description", "Talk about Flask here.")
     fetch(room_url, {
         "method": "POST",
         "body": data,
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ in the previous section. The following example shows how to replace a
         const geology_div = getElementById("geology-fact")
         fetch(geology_url)
             .then(response => response.text)
-            .then(text => geology_div.innerHtml = text)
+            .then(text => geology_div.innerHTML = text)
     </script>
 
 

docs/patterns/mongoengine.rst

@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ Queries
 Use the class ``objects`` attribute to make queries. A keyword argument
 looks for an equal value on the field. ::
 
-    bttf = Movies.objects(title="Back To The Future").get_or_404()
+    bttf = Movie.objects(title="Back To The Future").get_or_404()
 
 Query operators may be used by concatenating them with the field name
 using a double-underscore. ``objects``, and queries returned by

docs/patterns/packages.rst

@@ -42,19 +42,20 @@ You should then end up with something like that::
 But how do you run your application now?  The naive ``python
 yourapplication/__init__.py`` will not work.  Let's just say that Python
 does not want modules in packages to be the startup file.  But that is not
-a big problem, just add a new file called :file:`setup.py` next to the inner
-:file:`yourapplication` folder with the following contents::
+a big problem, just add a new file called :file:`pyproject.toml` next to the inner
+:file:`yourapplication` folder with the following contents:
 
-    from setuptools import setup
+.. code-block:: toml
 
-    setup(
-        name='yourapplication',
-        packages=['yourapplication'],
-        include_package_data=True,
-        install_requires=[
-            'flask',
-        ],
-    )
+    [project]
+    name = "yourapplication"
+    dependencies = [
+        "flask",
+    ]
+
+    [build-system]
+    requires = ["flit_core<4"]
+    build-backend = "flit_core.buildapi"
 
 Install your application so it is importable:
 
@@ -100,7 +101,7 @@ And this is what :file:`views.py` would look like::
 You should then end up with something like that::
 
     /yourapplication
-        setup.py
+        pyproject.toml
         /yourapplication
             __init__.py
             views.py

docs/patterns/sqlalchemy.rst

@@ -34,8 +34,7 @@ official documentation on the `declarative`_ extension.
 Here's the example :file:`database.py` module for your application::
 
     from sqlalchemy import create_engine
-    from sqlalchemy.orm import scoped_session, sessionmaker
-    from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import scoped_session, sessionmaker, declarative_base
 
     engine = create_engine('sqlite:////tmp/test.db')
     db_session = scoped_session(sessionmaker(autocommit=False,
@@ -132,9 +131,8 @@ Here is an example :file:`database.py` module for your application::
     def init_db():
         metadata.create_all(bind=engine)
 
-As in the declarative approach, you need to close the session after
-each request or application context shutdown.  Put this into your
-application module::
+As in the declarative approach, you need to close the session after each app
+context. Put this into your application module::
 
     from yourapplication.database import db_session
 

docs/patterns/sqlite3.rst

@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 Using SQLite 3 with Flask
 =========================
 
-In Flask you can easily implement the opening of database connections on
-demand and closing them when the context dies (usually at the end of the
-request).
+You can implement a few functions to work with a SQLite connection during a
+request context. The connection is created the first time it's accessed,
+reused on subsequent access, until it is closed when the request context ends.
 
 Here is a simple example of how you can use SQLite 3 with Flask::
 

docs/patterns/streaming.rst

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ debug environments with profilers and other things you might have enabled.
 Streaming from Templates
 ------------------------
 
-The Jinja2 template engine supports rendering a template piece by
+The Jinja template engine supports rendering a template piece by
 piece, returning an iterator of strings. Flask provides the
 :func:`~flask.stream_template` and :func:`~flask.stream_template_string`
 functions to make this easier to use.
@@ -49,13 +49,13 @@ the template.
 Streaming with Context
 ----------------------
 
-The :data:`~flask.request` will not be active while the generator is
-running, because the view has already returned at that point. If you try
-to access ``request``, you'll get a ``RuntimeError``.
+The :data:`.request` proxy will not be active while the generator is
+running, because the app has already returned control to the WSGI server at that
+point. If you try to access ``request``, you'll get a ``RuntimeError``.
 
 If your generator function relies on data in ``request``, use the
-:func:`~flask.stream_with_context` wrapper. This will keep the request
-context active during the generator.
+:func:`.stream_with_context` wrapper. This will keep the request context active
+during the generator.
 
 .. code-block:: python
 

docs/patterns/wtforms.rst

@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ WTForm's field function, which renders the field for us.  The keyword
 arguments will be inserted as HTML attributes.  So, for example, you can
 call ``render_field(form.username, class='username')`` to add a class to
 the input element.  Note that WTForms returns standard Python strings,
-so we have to tell Jinja2 that this data is already HTML-escaped with
+so we have to tell Jinja that this data is already HTML-escaped with
 the ``|safe`` filter.
 
 Here is the :file:`register.html` template for the function we used above, which

docs/quickstart.rst

@@ -139,18 +139,16 @@ how you're using untrusted data.
 
 .. code-block:: python
 
+    from flask import request
     from markupsafe import escape
 
-    @app.route("/<name>")
-    def hello(name):
+    @app.route("/hello")
+    def hello():
+        name = request.args.get("name", "Flask")
         return f"Hello, {escape(name)}!"
 
-If a user managed to submit the name ``<script>alert("bad")</script>``,
-escaping causes it to be rendered as text, rather than running the
-script in the user's browser.
-
-``<name>`` in the route captures a value from the URL and passes it to
-the view function. These variable rules are explained below.
+If a user submits ``/hello?name=<script>alert("bad")</script>``, escaping causes
+it to be rendered as text, rather than running the script in the user's browser.
 
 
 Routing
@@ -260,7 +258,7 @@ Why would you want to build URLs using the URL reversing function
 For example, here we use the :meth:`~flask.Flask.test_request_context` method
 to try out :func:`~flask.url_for`. :meth:`~flask.Flask.test_request_context`
 tells Flask to behave as though it's handling a request even while we use a
-Python shell. See :ref:`context-locals`.
+Python shell. See :doc:`/appcontext`.
 
 .. code-block:: python
 
@@ -354,12 +352,12 @@ Rendering Templates
 
 Generating HTML from within Python is not fun, and actually pretty
 cumbersome because you have to do the HTML escaping on your own to keep
-the application secure.  Because of that Flask configures the `Jinja2
+the application secure.  Because of that Flask configures the `Jinja
 <https://palletsprojects.com/p/jinja/>`_ template engine for you automatically.
 
 Templates can be used to generate any type of text file. For web applications, you'll
 primarily be generating HTML pages, but you can also generate markdown, plain text for
-emails, any anything else.
+emails, and anything else.
 
 For a reference to HTML, CSS, and other web APIs, use the `MDN Web Docs`_.
 
@@ -375,7 +373,7 @@ Here's a simple example of how to render a template::
     @app.route('/hello/')
     @app.route('/hello/<name>')
     def hello(name=None):
-        return render_template('hello.html', name=name)
+        return render_template('hello.html', person=name)
 
 Flask will look for templates in the :file:`templates` folder.  So if your
 application is a module, this folder is next to that module, if it's a
@@ -394,8 +392,8 @@ package it's actually inside your package:
         /templates
             /hello.html
 
-For templates you can use the full power of Jinja2 templates.  Head over
-to the official `Jinja2 Template Documentation
+For templates you can use the full power of Jinja templates.  Head over
+to the official `Jinja Template Documentation
 <https://jinja.palletsprojects.com/templates/>`_ for more information.
 
 Here is an example template:
@@ -404,8 +402,8 @@ Here is an example template:
 
     <!doctype html>
     <title>Hello from Flask</title>
-    {% if name %}
-      <h1>Hello {{ name }}!</h1>
+    {% if person %}
+      <h1>Hello {{ person }}!</h1>
     {% else %}
       <h1>Hello, World!</h1>
     {% endif %}
@@ -419,7 +417,7 @@ know how that works, see :doc:`patterns/templateinheritance`. Basically
 template inheritance makes it possible to keep certain elements on each
 page (like header, navigation and footer).
 
-Automatic escaping is enabled, so if ``name`` contains HTML it will be escaped
+Automatic escaping is enabled, so if ``person`` contains HTML it will be escaped
 automatically.  If you can trust a variable and you know that it will be
 safe HTML (for example because it came from a module that converts wiki
 markup to HTML) you can mark it as safe by using the
@@ -451,105 +449,58 @@ Here is a basic introduction to how the :class:`~markupsafe.Markup` class works:
 Accessing Request Data
 ----------------------
 
-For web applications it's crucial to react to the data a client sends to
-the server.  In Flask this information is provided by the global
-:class:`~flask.request` object.  If you have some experience with Python
-you might be wondering how that object can be global and how Flask
-manages to still be threadsafe.  The answer is context locals:
+For web applications it's crucial to react to the data a client sends to the
+server. In Flask this information is provided by the global :data:`.request`
+object, which is an instance of :class:`.Request`. This object has many
+attributes and methods to work with the incoming request data, but here is a
+broad overview. First it needs to be imported.
 
-
-.. _context-locals:
-
-Context Locals
-``````````````
-
-.. admonition:: Insider Information
-
-   If you want to understand how that works and how you can implement
-   tests with context locals, read this section, otherwise just skip it.
-
-Certain objects in Flask are global objects, but not of the usual kind.
-These objects are actually proxies to objects that are local to a specific
-context.  What a mouthful.  But that is actually quite easy to understand.
-
-Imagine the context being the handling thread.  A request comes in and the
-web server decides to spawn a new thread (or something else, the
-underlying object is capable of dealing with concurrency systems other
-than threads).  When Flask starts its internal request handling it
-figures out that the current thread is the active context and binds the
-current application and the WSGI environments to that context (thread).
-It does that in an intelligent way so that one application can invoke another
-application without breaking.
-
-So what does this mean to you?  Basically you can completely ignore that
-this is the case unless you are doing something like unit testing.  You
-will notice that code which depends on a request object will suddenly break
-because there is no request object.  The solution is creating a request
-object yourself and binding it to the context.  The easiest solution for
-unit testing is to use the :meth:`~flask.Flask.test_request_context`
-context manager.  In combination with the ``with`` statement it will bind a
-test request so that you can interact with it.  Here is an example::
+.. code-block:: python
 
     from flask import request
 
-    with app.test_request_context('/hello', method='POST'):
-        # now you can do something with the request until the
-        # end of the with block, such as basic assertions:
-        assert request.path == '/hello'
-        assert request.method == 'POST'
+If you have some experience with Python you might be wondering how that object
+can be global when Flask handles multiple requests at a time. The answer is
+that :data:`.request` is actually a proxy, pointing at whatever request is
+currently being handled by a given worker, which is managed interanlly by Flask
+and Python. See :doc:`/appcontext` for much more information.
 
-The other possibility is passing a whole WSGI environment to the
-:meth:`~flask.Flask.request_context` method::
+The current request method is available in the :attr:`~.Request.method`
+attribute. To access form data (data transmitted in a ``POST`` or ``PUT``
+request), use the :attr:`~flask.Request.form` attribute, which behaves like a
+dict.
 
-    with app.request_context(environ):
-        assert request.method == 'POST'
+.. code-block:: python
 
-The Request Object
-``````````````````
-
-The request object is documented in the API section and we will not cover
-it here in detail (see :class:`~flask.Request`). Here is a broad overview of
-some of the most common operations.  First of all you have to import it from
-the ``flask`` module::
-
-    from flask import request
-
-The current request method is available by using the
-:attr:`~flask.Request.method` attribute.  To access form data (data
-transmitted in a ``POST`` or ``PUT`` request) you can use the
-:attr:`~flask.Request.form` attribute.  Here is a full example of the two
-attributes mentioned above::
-
-    @app.route('/login', methods=['POST', 'GET'])
+    @app.route("/login", methods=["GET", "POST"])
     def login():
         error = None
-        if request.method == 'POST':
-            if valid_login(request.form['username'],
-                           request.form['password']):
-                return log_the_user_in(request.form['username'])
+
+        if request.method == "POST":
+            if valid_login(request.form["username"], request.form["password"]):
+                return store_login(request.form["username"])
             else:
-                error = 'Invalid username/password'
-        # the code below is executed if the request method
-        # was GET or the credentials were invalid
-        return render_template('login.html', error=error)
+                error = "Invalid username or password"
 
-What happens if the key does not exist in the ``form`` attribute?  In that
-case a special :exc:`KeyError` is raised.  You can catch it like a
-standard :exc:`KeyError` but if you don't do that, a HTTP 400 Bad Request
-error page is shown instead.  So for many situations you don't have to
-deal with that problem.
+        # Executed if the request method was GET or the credentials were invalid.
+        return render_template("login.html", error=error)
 
-To access parameters submitted in the URL (``?key=value``) you can use the
-:attr:`~flask.Request.args` attribute::
+If the key does not exist in ``form``, a special :exc:`KeyError` is raised. You
+can catch it like a normal ``KeyError``, otherwise it will return a HTTP 400
+Bad Request error page. You can also use the
+:meth:`~werkzeug.datastructures.MultiDict.get` method to get a default
+instead of an error.
+
+To access parameters submitted in the URL (``?key=value``), use the
+:attr:`~.Request.args` attribute. Key errors behave the same as ``form``,
+returning a 400 response if not caught.
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     searchword = request.args.get('key', '')
 
-We recommend accessing URL parameters with `get` or by catching the
-:exc:`KeyError` because users might change the URL and presenting them a 400
-bad request page in that case is not user friendly.
-
-For a full list of methods and attributes of the request object, head over
-to the :class:`~flask.Request` documentation.
+For a full list of methods and attributes of the request object, see the
+:class:`~.Request` documentation.
 
 
 File Uploads

docs/reqcontext.rst

@@ -1,248 +1,6 @@
-.. currentmodule:: flask
+:orphan:
 
 The Request Context
 ===================
 
-The request context keeps track of the request-level data during a
-request. Rather than passing the request object to each function that
-runs during a request, the :data:`request` and :data:`session` proxies
-are accessed instead.
-
-This is similar to :doc:`/appcontext`, which keeps track of the
-application-level data independent of a request. A corresponding
-application context is pushed when a request context is pushed.
-
-
-Purpose of the Context
-----------------------
-
-When the :class:`Flask` application handles a request, it creates a
-:class:`Request` object based on the environment it received from the
-WSGI server. Because a *worker* (thread, process, or coroutine depending
-on the server) handles only one request at a time, the request data can
-be considered global to that worker during that request. Flask uses the
-term *context local* for this.
-
-Flask automatically *pushes* a request context when handling a request.
-View functions, error handlers, and other functions that run during a
-request will have access to the :data:`request` proxy, which points to
-the request object for the current request.
-
-
-Lifetime of the Context
------------------------
-
-When a Flask application begins handling a request, it pushes a request
-context, which also pushes an :doc:`app context </appcontext>`. When the
-request ends it pops the request context then the application context.
-
-The context is unique to each thread (or other worker type).
-:data:`request` cannot be passed to another thread, the other thread has
-a different context space and will not know about the request the parent
-thread was pointing to.
-
-Context locals are implemented using Python's :mod:`contextvars` and
-Werkzeug's :class:`~werkzeug.local.LocalProxy`. Python manages the
-lifetime of context vars automatically, and local proxy wraps that
-low-level interface to make the data easier to work with.
-
-
-Manually Push a Context
------------------------
-
-If you try to access :data:`request`, or anything that uses it, outside
-a request context, you'll get this error message:
-
-.. code-block:: pytb
-
-    RuntimeError: Working outside of request context.
-
-    This typically means that you attempted to use functionality that
-    needed an active HTTP request. Consult the documentation on testing
-    for information about how to avoid this problem.
-
-This should typically only happen when testing code that expects an
-active request. One option is to use the
-:meth:`test client <Flask.test_client>` to simulate a full request. Or
-you can use :meth:`~Flask.test_request_context` in a ``with`` block, and
-everything that runs in the block will have access to :data:`request`,
-populated with your test data. ::
-
-    def generate_report(year):
-        format = request.args.get("format")
-        ...
-
-    with app.test_request_context(
-        "/make_report/2017", query_string={"format": "short"}
-    ):
-        generate_report()
-
-If you see that error somewhere else in your code not related to
-testing, it most likely indicates that you should move that code into a
-view function.
-
-For information on how to use the request context from the interactive
-Python shell, see :doc:`/shell`.
-
-
-How the Context Works
----------------------
-
-The :meth:`Flask.wsgi_app` method is called to handle each request. It
-manages the contexts during the request. Internally, the request and
-application contexts work like stacks. When contexts are pushed, the
-proxies that depend on them are available and point at information from
-the top item.
-
-When the request starts, a :class:`~ctx.RequestContext` is created and
-pushed, which creates and pushes an :class:`~ctx.AppContext` first if
-a context for that application is not already the top context. While
-these contexts are pushed, the :data:`current_app`, :data:`g`,
-:data:`request`, and :data:`session` proxies are available to the
-original thread handling the request.
-
-Other contexts may be pushed to change the proxies during a request.
-While this is not a common pattern, it can be used in advanced
-applications to, for example, do internal redirects or chain different
-applications together.
-
-After the request is dispatched and a response is generated and sent,
-the request context is popped, which then pops the application context.
-Immediately before they are popped, the :meth:`~Flask.teardown_request`
-and :meth:`~Flask.teardown_appcontext` functions are executed. These
-execute even if an unhandled exception occurred during dispatch.
-
-
-.. _callbacks-and-errors:
-
-Callbacks and Errors
---------------------
-
-Flask dispatches a request in multiple stages which can affect the
-request, response, and how errors are handled. The contexts are active
-during all of these stages.
-
-A :class:`Blueprint` can add handlers for these events that are specific
-to the blueprint. The handlers for a blueprint will run if the blueprint
-owns the route that matches the request.
-
-#.  Before each request, :meth:`~Flask.before_request` functions are
-    called. If one of these functions return a value, the other
-    functions are skipped. The return value is treated as the response
-    and the view function is not called.
-
-#.  If the :meth:`~Flask.before_request` functions did not return a
-    response, the view function for the matched route is called and
-    returns a response.
-
-#.  The return value of the view is converted into an actual response
-    object and passed to the :meth:`~Flask.after_request`
-    functions. Each function returns a modified or new response object.
-
-#.  After the response is returned, the contexts are popped, which calls
-    the :meth:`~Flask.teardown_request` and
-    :meth:`~Flask.teardown_appcontext` functions. These functions are
-    called even if an unhandled exception was raised at any point above.
-
-If an exception is raised before the teardown functions, Flask tries to
-match it with an :meth:`~Flask.errorhandler` function to handle the
-exception and return a response. If no error handler is found, or the
-handler itself raises an exception, Flask returns a generic
-``500 Internal Server Error`` response. The teardown functions are still
-called, and are passed the exception object.
-
-If debug mode is enabled, unhandled exceptions are not converted to a
-``500`` response and instead are propagated to the WSGI server. This
-allows the development server to present the interactive debugger with
-the traceback.
-
-
-Teardown Callbacks
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-The teardown callbacks are independent of the request dispatch, and are
-instead called by the contexts when they are popped. The functions are
-called even if there is an unhandled exception during dispatch, and for
-manually pushed contexts. This means there is no guarantee that any
-other parts of the request dispatch have run first. Be sure to write
-these functions in a way that does not depend on other callbacks and
-will not fail.
-
-During testing, it can be useful to defer popping the contexts after the
-request ends, so that their data can be accessed in the test function.
-Use the :meth:`~Flask.test_client` as a ``with`` block to preserve the
-contexts until the ``with`` block exits.
-
-.. code-block:: python
-
-    from flask import Flask, request
-
-    app = Flask(__name__)
-
-    @app.route('/')
-    def hello():
-        print('during view')
-        return 'Hello, World!'
-
-    @app.teardown_request
-    def show_teardown(exception):
-        print('after with block')
-
-    with app.test_request_context():
-        print('during with block')
-
-    # teardown functions are called after the context with block exits
-
-    with app.test_client() as client:
-        client.get('/')
-        # the contexts are not popped even though the request ended
-        print(request.path)
-
-    # the contexts are popped and teardown functions are called after
-    # the client with block exits
-
-Signals
-~~~~~~~
-
-If :data:`~signals.signals_available` is true, the following signals are
-sent:
-
-#.  :data:`request_started` is sent before the
-    :meth:`~Flask.before_request` functions are called.
-
-#.  :data:`request_finished` is sent after the
-    :meth:`~Flask.after_request` functions are called.
-
-#.  :data:`got_request_exception` is sent when an exception begins to
-    be handled, but before an :meth:`~Flask.errorhandler` is looked up or
-    called.
-
-#.  :data:`request_tearing_down` is sent after the
-    :meth:`~Flask.teardown_request` functions are called.
-
-
-.. _notes-on-proxies:
-
-Notes On Proxies
-----------------
-
-Some of the objects provided by Flask are proxies to other objects. The
-proxies are accessed in the same way for each worker thread, but
-point to the unique object bound to each worker behind the scenes as
-described on this page.
-
-Most of the time you don't have to care about that, but there are some
-exceptions where it is good to know that this object is actually a proxy:
-
--   The proxy objects cannot fake their type as the actual object types.
-    If you want to perform instance checks, you have to do that on the
-    object being proxied.
--   The reference to the proxied object is needed in some situations,
-    such as sending :doc:`signals` or passing data to a background
-    thread.
-
-If you need to access the underlying object that is proxied, use the
-:meth:`~werkzeug.local.LocalProxy._get_current_object` method::
-
-    app = current_app._get_current_object()
-    my_signal.send(app)
+Obsolete, see :doc:`/appcontext` instead.

docs/server.rst

@@ -76,8 +76,8 @@ following example shows that process id 6847 is using port 5000.
             TCP 127.0.0.1:5000 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING 6847
 
 macOS Monterey and later automatically starts a service that uses port
-5000. To disable the service, go to System Preferences, Sharing, and
-disable "AirPlay Receiver".
+5000. You can choose to disable this service instead of using a different port by
+searching for "AirPlay Receiver" in System Settings and toggling it off.
 
 
 Deferred Errors on Reload

docs/shell.rst

@@ -1,56 +1,37 @@
 Working with the Shell
 ======================
 
-.. versionadded:: 0.3
+One of the reasons everybody loves Python is the interactive shell. It allows
+you to play around with code in real time and immediately get results back.
+Flask provides the ``flask shell`` CLI command to start an interactive Python
+shell with some setup done to make working with the Flask app easier.
 
-One of the reasons everybody loves Python is the interactive shell.  It
-basically allows you to execute Python commands in real time and
-immediately get results back.  Flask itself does not come with an
-interactive shell, because it does not require any specific setup upfront,
-just import your application and start playing around.
+.. code-block:: text
 
-There are however some handy helpers to make playing around in the shell a
-more pleasant experience.  The main issue with interactive console
-sessions is that you're not triggering a request like a browser does which
-means that :data:`~flask.g`, :data:`~flask.request` and others are not
-available.  But the code you want to test might depend on them, so what
-can you do?
-
-This is where some helper functions come in handy.  Keep in mind however
-that these functions are not only there for interactive shell usage, but
-also for unit testing and other situations that require a faked request
-context.
-
-Generally it's recommended that you read :doc:`reqcontext` first.
-
-Command Line Interface
-----------------------
-
-Starting with Flask 0.11 the recommended way to work with the shell is the
-``flask shell`` command which does a lot of this automatically for you.
-For instance the shell is automatically initialized with a loaded
-application context.
-
-For more information see :doc:`/cli`.
+    $ flask shell
 
 Creating a Request Context
 --------------------------
 
+``flask shell`` pushes an app context automatically, so :data:`.current_app` and
+:data:`.g` are already available. However, there is no HTTP request being
+handled in the shell, so :data:`.request` and :data:`.session` are not yet
+available.
+
 The easiest way to create a proper request context from the shell is by
 using the :attr:`~flask.Flask.test_request_context` method which creates
 us a :class:`~flask.ctx.RequestContext`:
 
 >>> ctx = app.test_request_context()
 
-Normally you would use the ``with`` statement to make this request object
-active, but in the shell it's easier to use the
-:meth:`~flask.ctx.RequestContext.push` and
-:meth:`~flask.ctx.RequestContext.pop` methods by hand:
+Normally you would use the ``with`` statement to make this context active, but
+in the shell it's easier to call :meth:`~.RequestContext.push` and
+:meth:`~.RequestContext.pop` manually:
 
 >>> ctx.push()
 
-From that point onwards you can work with the request object until you
-call `pop`:
+From that point onwards you can work with the request object until you call
+``pop``:
 
 >>> ctx.pop()
 

docs/signals.rst

@@ -1,33 +1,28 @@
 Signals
 =======
 
-.. versionadded:: 0.6
+Signals are a lightweight way to notify subscribers of certain events during the
+lifecycle of the application and each request. When an event occurs, it emits the
+signal, which calls each subscriber.
 
-Starting with Flask 0.6, there is integrated support for signalling in
-Flask.  This support is provided by the excellent `blinker`_ library and
-will gracefully fall back if it is not available.
+Signals are implemented by the `Blinker`_ library. See its documentation for detailed
+information. Flask provides some built-in signals. Extensions may provide their own.
 
-What are signals?  Signals help you decouple applications by sending
-notifications when actions occur elsewhere in the core framework or
-another Flask extensions.  In short, signals allow certain senders to
-notify subscribers that something happened.
+Many signals mirror Flask's decorator-based callbacks with similar names. For example,
+the :data:`.request_started` signal is similar to the :meth:`~.Flask.before_request`
+decorator. The advantage of signals over handlers is that they can be subscribed to
+temporarily, and can't directly affect the application. This is useful for testing,
+metrics, auditing, and more. For example, if you want to know what templates were
+rendered at what parts of what requests, there is a signal that will notify you of that
+information.
 
-Flask comes with a couple of signals and other extensions might provide
-more.  Also keep in mind that signals are intended to notify subscribers
-and should not encourage subscribers to modify data.  You will notice that
-there are signals that appear to do the same thing like some of the
-builtin decorators do (eg: :data:`~flask.request_started` is very similar
-to :meth:`~flask.Flask.before_request`).  However, there are differences in
-how they work.  The core :meth:`~flask.Flask.before_request` handler, for
-example, is executed in a specific order and is able to abort the request
-early by returning a response.  In contrast all signal handlers are
-executed in undefined order and do not modify any data.
 
-The big advantage of signals over handlers is that you can safely
-subscribe to them for just a split second.  These temporary
-subscriptions are helpful for unit testing for example.  Say you want to
-know what templates were rendered as part of a request: signals allow you
-to do exactly that.
+Core Signals
+------------
+
+See :ref:`core-signals-list` for a list of all built-in signals. The :doc:`lifecycle`
+page also describes the order that signals and decorators execute.
+
 
 Subscribing to Signals
 ----------------------
@@ -99,17 +94,12 @@ The example above would then look like this::
         ...
         template, context = templates[0]
 
-.. admonition:: Blinker API Changes
-
-   The :meth:`~blinker.base.Signal.connected_to` method arrived in Blinker
-   with version 1.1.
-
 Creating Signals
 ----------------
 
 If you want to use signals in your own application, you can use the
 blinker library directly.  The most common use case are named signals in a
-custom :class:`~blinker.base.Namespace`..  This is what is recommended
+custom :class:`~blinker.base.Namespace`.  This is what is recommended
 most of the time::
 
     from blinker import Namespace
@@ -123,12 +113,6 @@ The name for the signal here makes it unique and also simplifies
 debugging.  You can access the name of the signal with the
 :attr:`~blinker.base.NamedSignal.name` attribute.
 
-.. admonition:: For Extension Developers
-
-   If you are writing a Flask extension and you want to gracefully degrade for
-   missing blinker installations, you can do so by using the
-   :class:`flask.signals.Namespace` class.
-
 .. _signals-sending:
 
 Sending Signals
@@ -160,17 +144,16 @@ function, you can pass ``current_app._get_current_object()`` as sender.
 Signals and Flask's Request Context
 -----------------------------------
 
-Signals fully support :doc:`reqcontext` when receiving signals.
-Context-local variables are consistently available between
-:data:`~flask.request_started` and :data:`~flask.request_finished`, so you can
-rely on :class:`flask.g` and others as needed.  Note the limitations described
-in :ref:`signals-sending` and the :data:`~flask.request_tearing_down` signal.
+Context-local proxies are available between :data:`~flask.request_started` and
+:data:`~flask.request_finished`, so you can rely on :class:`flask.g` and others
+as needed. Note the limitations described in :ref:`signals-sending` and the
+:data:`~flask.request_tearing_down` signal.
 
 
 Decorator Based Signal Subscriptions
 ------------------------------------
 
-With Blinker 1.1 you can also easily subscribe to signals by using the new
+You can also easily subscribe to signals by using the
 :meth:`~blinker.base.NamedSignal.connect_via` decorator::
 
     from flask import template_rendered
@@ -179,10 +162,5 @@ With Blinker 1.1 you can also easily subscribe to signals by using the new
     def when_template_rendered(sender, template, context, **extra):
         print(f'Template {template.name} is rendered with {context}')
 
-Core Signals
-------------
-
-Take a look at :ref:`core-signals-list` for a list of all builtin signals.
-
 
 .. _blinker: https://pypi.org/project/blinker/

docs/templating.rst

@@ -1,21 +1,21 @@
 Templates
 =========
 
-Flask leverages Jinja2 as its template engine.  You are obviously free to use
-a different template engine, but you still have to install Jinja2 to run
+Flask leverages Jinja as its template engine.  You are obviously free to use
+a different template engine, but you still have to install Jinja to run
 Flask itself.  This requirement is necessary to enable rich extensions.
-An extension can depend on Jinja2 being present.
+An extension can depend on Jinja being present.
 
-This section only gives a very quick introduction into how Jinja2
+This section only gives a very quick introduction into how Jinja
 is integrated into Flask.  If you want information on the template
-engine's syntax itself, head over to the official `Jinja2 Template
+engine's syntax itself, head over to the official `Jinja Template
 Documentation <https://jinja.palletsprojects.com/templates/>`_ for
 more information.
 
 Jinja Setup
 -----------
 
-Unless customized, Jinja2 is configured by Flask as follows:
+Unless customized, Jinja is configured by Flask as follows:
 
 -   autoescaping is enabled for all templates ending in ``.html``,
     ``.htm``, ``.xml``, ``.xhtml``, as well as ``.svg`` when using
@@ -25,13 +25,13 @@ Unless customized, Jinja2 is configured by Flask as follows:
 -   a template has the ability to opt in/out autoescaping with the
     ``{% autoescape %}`` tag.
 -   Flask inserts a couple of global functions and helpers into the
-    Jinja2 context, additionally to the values that are present by
+    Jinja context, additionally to the values that are present by
     default.
 
 Standard Context
 ----------------
 
-The following global variables are available within Jinja2 templates
+The following global variables are available within Jinja templates
 by default:
 
 .. data:: config
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ markdown to HTML converter.
 
 There are three ways to accomplish that:
 
--   In the Python code, wrap the HTML string in a :class:`~flask.Markup`
+-   In the Python code, wrap the HTML string in a :class:`~markupsafe.Markup`
     object before passing it to the template.  This is in general the
     recommended way.
 -   Inside the template, use the ``|safe`` filter to explicitly mark a
@@ -137,32 +137,58 @@ using in this block.
 
 .. _registering-filters:
 
-Registering Filters
--------------------
+Registering Filters, Tests, and Globals
+---------------------------------------
 
-If you want to register your own filters in Jinja2 you have two ways to do
-that.  You can either put them by hand into the
-:attr:`~flask.Flask.jinja_env` of the application or use the
-:meth:`~flask.Flask.template_filter` decorator.
+The Flask app and blueprints provide decorators and methods to register your own
+filters, tests, and global functions for use in Jinja templates. They all follow
+the same pattern, so the following examples only discuss filters.
 
-The two following examples work the same and both reverse an object::
+Decorate a function with :meth:`~.Flask.template_filter` to register it as a
+template filter.
 
-    @app.template_filter('reverse')
-    def reverse_filter(s):
-        return s[::-1]
+.. code-block:: python
 
-    def reverse_filter(s):
-        return s[::-1]
-    app.jinja_env.filters['reverse'] = reverse_filter
+    @app.template_filter
+    def reverse(s):
+        return reversed(s)
 
-In case of the decorator the argument is optional if you want to use the
-function name as name of the filter.  Once registered, you can use the filter
-in your templates in the same way as Jinja2's builtin filters, for example if
-you have a Python list in context called `mylist`::
+.. code-block:: jinja
 
-    {% for x in mylist | reverse %}
+    {% for item in data | reverse %}
     {% endfor %}
 
+By default it will use the name of the function as the name of the filter, but
+that can be changed by passing a name to the decorator.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    @app.template_filter("reverse")
+    def reverse_filter(s):
+        return reversed(s)
+
+A filter can be registered separately using :meth:`~.Flask.add_template_filter`.
+The name is optional and will use the function name if not given.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    def reverse_filter(s):
+        return reversed(s)
+
+    app.add_template_filter(reverse_filter, "reverse")
+
+For template tests, use the :meth:`~.Flask.template_test` decorator or
+:meth:`~.Flask.add_template_test` method. For template global functions, use the
+:meth:`~.Flask.template_global` decorator or :meth:`~.Flask.add_template_global`
+method.
+
+The same methods also exist on :class:`.Blueprint`, prefixed with ``app_`` to
+indicate that the registered functions will be avaialble to all templates, not
+only when rendering from within the blueprint.
+
+The Jinja environment is also available as :attr:`~.Flask.jinja_env`. It may be
+modified directly, as you would when using Jinja outside Flask.
+
 
 Context Processors
 ------------------
@@ -211,7 +237,7 @@ strings. This can be used for streaming HTML in chunks to speed up
 initial page load, or to save memory when rendering a very large
 template.
 
-The Jinja2 template engine supports rendering a template piece
+The Jinja template engine supports rendering a template piece
 by piece, returning an iterator of strings. Flask provides the
 :func:`~flask.stream_template` and :func:`~flask.stream_template_string`
 functions to make this easier to use.

docs/testing.rst

@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ which records the request that produced that response.
 .. code-block:: python
 
     def test_logout_redirect(client):
-        response = client.get("/logout")
+        response = client.get("/logout", follow_redirects=True)
         # Check that there was one redirect response.
         assert len(response.history) == 1
         # Check that the second request was to the index page.
@@ -275,11 +275,10 @@ command from the command line.
 Tests that depend on an Active Context
 --------------------------------------
 
-You may have functions that are called from views or commands, that
-expect an active :doc:`application context </appcontext>` or
-:doc:`request context  </reqcontext>` because they access ``request``,
-``session``, or ``current_app``. Rather than testing them by making a
-request or invoking the command, you can create and activate a context
+You may have functions that are called from views or commands, that expect an
+active :doc:`app context </appcontext>` because they access :data:`.request`,
+:data:`.session`, :data:`.g`, or :data:`.current_app`. Rather than testing them by
+making a request or invoking the command, you can create and activate a context
 directly.
 
 Use ``with app.app_context()`` to push an application context. For

docs/tutorial/blog.rst

@@ -305,7 +305,7 @@ The pattern ``{{ request.form['title'] or post['title'] }}`` is used to
 choose what data appears in the form. When the form hasn't been
 submitted, the original ``post`` data appears, but if invalid form data
 was posted you want to display that so the user can fix the error, so
-``request.form`` is used instead. :data:`request` is another variable
+``request.form`` is used instead. :data:`.request` is another variable
 that's automatically available in templates.
 
 

docs/tutorial/database.rst

@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ response is sent.
     :caption: ``flaskr/db.py``
 
     import sqlite3
+    from datetime import datetime
 
     import click
     from flask import current_app, g
@@ -59,17 +60,17 @@ response is sent.
         if db is not None:
             db.close()
 
-:data:`g` is a special object that is unique for each request. It is
+:data:`.g` is a special object that is unique for each request. It is
 used to store data that might be accessed by multiple functions during
 the request. The connection is stored and reused instead of creating a
 new connection if ``get_db`` is called a second time in the same
 request.
 
-:data:`current_app` is another special object that points to the Flask
+:data:`.current_app` is another special object that points to the Flask
 application handling the request. Since you used an application factory,
 there is no application object when writing the rest of your code.
 ``get_db`` will be called when the application has been created and is
-handling a request, so :data:`current_app` can be used.
+handling a request, so :data:`.current_app` can be used.
 
 :func:`sqlite3.connect` establishes a connection to the file pointed at
 by the ``DATABASE`` configuration key. This file doesn't have to exist
@@ -132,6 +133,11 @@ Add the Python functions that will run these SQL commands to the
         init_db()
         click.echo('Initialized the database.')
 
+
+    sqlite3.register_converter(
+        "timestamp", lambda v: datetime.fromisoformat(v.decode())
+    )
+
 :meth:`open_resource() <Flask.open_resource>` opens a file relative to
 the ``flaskr`` package, which is useful since you won't necessarily know
 where that location is when deploying the application later. ``get_db``
@@ -142,6 +148,10 @@ read from the file.
 that calls the ``init_db`` function and shows a success message to the
 user. You can read :doc:`/cli` to learn more about writing commands.
 
+The call to :func:`sqlite3.register_converter` tells Python how to
+interpret timestamp values in the database. We convert the value to a
+:class:`datetime.datetime`.
+
 
 Register with the Application
 -----------------------------

docs/tutorial/deploy.rst

@@ -14,22 +14,13 @@ application.
 Build and Install
 -----------------
 
-When you want to deploy your application elsewhere, you build a
-distribution file. The current standard for Python distribution is the
-*wheel* format, with the ``.whl`` extension. Make sure the wheel library
-is installed first:
+When you want to deploy your application elsewhere, you build a *wheel*
+(``.whl``) file. Install and use the ``build`` tool to do this.
 
 .. code-block:: none
 
-    $ pip install wheel
-
-Running ``setup.py`` with Python gives you a command line tool to issue
-build-related commands. The ``bdist_wheel`` command will build a wheel
-distribution file.
-
-.. code-block:: none
-
-    $ python setup.py bdist_wheel
+    $ pip install build
+    $ python -m build --wheel
 
 You can find the file in ``dist/flaskr-1.0.0-py3-none-any.whl``. The
 file name is in the format of {project name}-{version}-{python tag}
@@ -54,7 +45,7 @@ create the database in the instance folder.
 
 When Flask detects that it's installed (not in editable mode), it uses
 a different directory for the instance folder. You can find it at
-``venv/var/flaskr-instance`` instead.
+``.venv/var/flaskr-instance`` instead.
 
 
 Configure the Secret Key
@@ -77,7 +68,7 @@ Create the ``config.py`` file in the instance folder, which the factory
 will read from if it exists. Copy the generated value into it.
 
 .. code-block:: python
-    :caption: ``venv/var/flaskr-instance/config.py``
+    :caption: ``.venv/var/flaskr-instance/config.py``
 
     SECRET_KEY = '192b9bdd22ab9ed4d12e236c78afcb9a393ec15f71bbf5dc987d54727823bcbf'
 

docs/tutorial/install.rst

@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
 Make the Project Installable
 ============================
 
-Making your project installable means that you can build a
-*distribution* file and install that in another environment, just like
-you installed Flask in your project's environment. This makes deploying
-your project the same as installing any other library, so you're using
-all the standard Python tools to manage everything.
+Making your project installable means that you can build a *wheel* file and install that
+in another environment, just like you installed Flask in your project's environment.
+This makes deploying your project the same as installing any other library, so you're
+using all the standard Python tools to manage everything.
 
 Installing also comes with other benefits that might not be obvious from
 the tutorial or as a new Python user, including:
@@ -28,50 +27,27 @@ the tutorial or as a new Python user, including:
 Describe the Project
 --------------------
 
-The ``setup.py`` file describes your project and the files that belong
-to it.
+The ``pyproject.toml`` file describes your project and how to build it.
 
-.. code-block:: python
-    :caption: ``setup.py``
+.. code-block:: toml
+    :caption: ``pyproject.toml``
 
-    from setuptools import find_packages, setup
+    [project]
+    name = "flaskr"
+    version = "1.0.0"
+    description = "The basic blog app built in the Flask tutorial."
+    dependencies = [
+        "flask",
+    ]
 
-    setup(
-        name='flaskr',
-        version='1.0.0',
-        packages=find_packages(),
-        include_package_data=True,
-        install_requires=[
-            'flask',
-        ],
-    )
+    [build-system]
+    requires = ["flit_core<4"]
+    build-backend = "flit_core.buildapi"
 
-
-``packages`` tells Python what package directories (and the Python files
-they contain) to include. ``find_packages()`` finds these directories
-automatically so you don't have to type them out. To include other
-files, such as the static and templates directories,
-``include_package_data`` is set. Python needs another file named
-``MANIFEST.in`` to tell what this other data is.
-
-.. code-block:: none
-    :caption: ``MANIFEST.in``
-
-    include flaskr/schema.sql
-    graft flaskr/static
-    graft flaskr/templates
-    global-exclude *.pyc
-
-This tells Python to copy everything in the ``static`` and ``templates``
-directories, and the ``schema.sql`` file, but to exclude all bytecode
-files.
-
-See the official `Packaging tutorial <packaging tutorial_>`_ and
-`detailed guide <packaging guide_>`_ for more explanation of the files
-and options used.
+See the official `Packaging tutorial <packaging tutorial_>`_ for more
+explanation of the files and options used.
 
 .. _packaging tutorial: https://packaging.python.org/tutorials/packaging-projects/
-.. _packaging guide: https://packaging.python.org/guides/distributing-packages-using-setuptools/
 
 
 Install the Project
@@ -83,10 +59,10 @@ Use ``pip`` to install your project in the virtual environment.
 
     $ pip install -e .
 
-This tells pip to find ``setup.py`` in the current directory and install
-it in *editable* or *development* mode. Editable mode means that as you
-make changes to your local code, you'll only need to re-install if you
-change the metadata about the project, such as its dependencies.
+This tells pip to find ``pyproject.toml`` in the current directory and install the
+project in *editable* or *development* mode. Editable mode means that as you make
+changes to your local code, you'll only need to re-install if you change the metadata
+about the project, such as its dependencies.
 
 You can observe that the project is now installed with ``pip list``.
 
@@ -103,9 +79,7 @@ You can observe that the project is now installed with ``pip list``.
     Jinja2         2.10
     MarkupSafe     1.0
     pip            9.0.3
-    setuptools     39.0.1
     Werkzeug       0.14.1
-    wheel          0.30.0
 
 Nothing changes from how you've been running your project so far.
 ``--app`` is still set to ``flaskr`` and ``flask run`` still runs

docs/tutorial/layout.rst

@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ The project directory will contain:
 * ``flaskr/``, a Python package containing your application code and
   files.
 * ``tests/``, a directory containing test modules.
-* ``venv/``, a Python virtual environment where Flask and other
+* ``.venv/``, a Python virtual environment where Flask and other
   dependencies are installed.
 * Installation files telling Python how to install your project.
 * Version control config, such as `git`_. You should make a habit of
@@ -80,8 +80,8 @@ By the end, your project layout will look like this:
     │   ├── test_db.py
     │   ├── test_auth.py
     │   └── test_blog.py
-    ├── venv/
-    ├── setup.py
+    ├── .venv/
+    ├── pyproject.toml
     └── MANIFEST.in
 
 If you're using version control, the following files that are generated
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ write. For example, with git:
 .. code-block:: none
     :caption: ``.gitignore``
 
-    venv/
+    .venv/
 
     *.pyc
     __pycache__/

docs/tutorial/templates.rst

@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ specific sections.
       {% block content %}{% endblock %}
     </section>
 
-:data:`g` is automatically available in templates. Based on if
+:data:`.g` is automatically available in templates. Based on if
 ``g.user`` is set (from ``load_logged_in_user``), either the username
 and a log out link are displayed, or links to register and log in
 are displayed. :func:`url_for` is also automatically available, and is

docs/tutorial/tests.rst

@@ -311,7 +311,7 @@ input and error messages without writing the same code three times.
 
 The tests for the ``login`` view are very similar to those for
 ``register``. Rather than testing the data in the database,
-:data:`session` should have ``user_id`` set after logging in.
+:data:`.session` should have ``user_id`` set after logging in.
 
 .. code-block:: python
     :caption: ``tests/test_auth.py``
@@ -336,10 +336,10 @@ The tests for the ``login`` view are very similar to those for
         assert message in response.data
 
 Using ``client`` in a ``with`` block allows accessing context variables
-such as :data:`session` after the response is returned. Normally,
+such as :data:`.session` after the response is returned. Normally,
 accessing ``session`` outside of a request would raise an error.
 
-Testing ``logout`` is the opposite of ``login``. :data:`session` should
+Testing ``logout`` is the opposite of ``login``. :data:`.session` should
 not contain ``user_id`` after logging out.
 
 .. code-block:: python
@@ -490,20 +490,18 @@ no longer exist in the database.
 Running the Tests
 -----------------
 
-Some extra configuration, which is not required but makes running
-tests with coverage less verbose, can be added to the project's
-``setup.cfg`` file.
+Some extra configuration, which is not required but makes running tests with coverage
+less verbose, can be added to the project's ``pyproject.toml`` file.
 
-.. code-block:: none
-    :caption: ``setup.cfg``
+.. code-block:: toml
+    :caption: ``pyproject.toml``
 
-    [tool:pytest]
-    testpaths = tests
+    [tool.pytest.ini_options]
+    testpaths = ["tests"]
 
-    [coverage:run]
-    branch = True
-    source =
-        flaskr
+    [tool.coverage.run]
+    branch = true
+    source = ["flaskr"]
 
 To run the tests, use the ``pytest`` command. It will find and run all
 the test functions you've written.
@@ -514,7 +512,7 @@ the test functions you've written.
 
     ========================= test session starts ==========================
     platform linux -- Python 3.6.4, pytest-3.5.0, py-1.5.3, pluggy-0.6.0
-    rootdir: /home/user/Projects/flask-tutorial, inifile: setup.cfg
+    rootdir: /home/user/Projects/flask-tutorial
     collected 23 items
 
     tests/test_auth.py ........                                      [ 34%]

docs/tutorial/views.rst

@@ -208,13 +208,13 @@ There are a few differences from the ``register`` view:
     password in the same way as the stored hash and securely compares
     them. If they match, the password is valid.
 
-#.  :data:`session` is a :class:`dict` that stores data across requests.
+#.  :data:`.session` is a :class:`dict` that stores data across requests.
     When validation succeeds, the user's ``id`` is stored in a new
     session. The data is stored in a *cookie* that is sent to the
     browser, and the browser then sends it back with subsequent requests.
     Flask securely *signs* the data so that it can't be tampered with.
 
-Now that the user's ``id`` is stored in the :data:`session`, it will be
+Now that the user's ``id`` is stored in the :data:`.session`, it will be
 available on subsequent requests. At the beginning of each request, if
 a user is logged in their information should be loaded and made
 available to other views.
@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ available to other views.
 :meth:`bp.before_app_request() <Blueprint.before_app_request>` registers
 a function that runs before the view function, no matter what URL is
 requested. ``load_logged_in_user`` checks if a user id is stored in the
-:data:`session` and gets that user's data from the database, storing it
+:data:`.session` and gets that user's data from the database, storing it
 on :data:`g.user <g>`, which lasts for the length of the request. If
 there is no user id, or if the id doesn't exist, ``g.user`` will be
 ``None``.
@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ there is no user id, or if the id doesn't exist, ``g.user`` will be
 Logout
 ------
 
-To log out, you need to remove the user id from the :data:`session`.
+To log out, you need to remove the user id from the :data:`.session`.
 Then ``load_logged_in_user`` won't load a user on subsequent requests.
 
 .. code-block:: python

docs/views.rst

@@ -249,7 +249,7 @@ provide get (list) and post (create) methods.
         init_every_request = False
 
         def __init__(self, model):
-            self.model
+            self.model = model
             self.validator = generate_validator(model)
 
         def _get_item(self, id):

docs/web-security.rst

@@ -1,9 +1,43 @@
 Security Considerations
 =======================
 
-Web applications usually face all kinds of security problems and it's very
-hard to get everything right.  Flask tries to solve a few of these things
-for you, but there are a couple more you have to take care of yourself.
+Web applications face many types of potential security problems, and it can be
+hard to get everything right, or even to know what "right" is in general. Flask
+tries to solve a few of these things by default, but there are other parts you
+may have to take care of yourself. Many of these solutions are tradeoffs, and
+will depend on each application's specific needs and threat model. Many hosting
+platforms may take care of certain types of problems without the need for the
+Flask application to handle them.
+
+Resource Use
+------------
+
+A common category of attacks is "Denial of Service" (DoS or DDoS). This is a
+very broad category, and different variants target different layers in a
+deployed application. In general, something is done to increase how much
+processing time or memory is used to handle each request, to the point where
+there are not enough resources to handle legitimate requests.
+
+Flask provides a few configuration options to handle resource use. They can
+also be set on individual requests to customize only that request. The
+documentation for each goes into more detail.
+
+-   :data:`MAX_CONTENT_LENGTH` or :attr:`.Request.max_content_length` controls
+    how much data will be read from a request. It is not set by default,
+    although it will still block truly unlimited streams unless the WSGI server
+    indicates support.
+-   :data:`MAX_FORM_MEMORY_SIZE` or :attr:`.Request.max_form_memory_size`
+    controls how large any non-file ``multipart/form-data`` field can be. It is
+    set to 500kB by default.
+-   :data:`MAX_FORM_PARTS` or :attr:`.Request.max_form_parts` controls how many
+    ``multipart/form-data`` fields can be parsed. It is set to 1000 by default.
+    Combined with the default `max_form_memory_size`, this means that a form
+    will occupy at most 500MB of memory.
+
+Regardless of these settings, you should also review what settings are available
+from your operating system, container deployment (Docker etc), WSGI server, HTTP
+server, and hosting platform. They typically have ways to set process resource
+limits, timeouts, and other checks regardless of how Flask is configured.
 
 .. _security-xss:
 
@@ -17,13 +51,13 @@ tags.  For more information on that have a look at the Wikipedia article
 on `Cross-Site Scripting
 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-site_scripting>`_.
 
-Flask configures Jinja2 to automatically escape all values unless
+Flask configures Jinja to automatically escape all values unless
 explicitly told otherwise.  This should rule out all XSS problems caused
 in templates, but there are still other places where you have to be
 careful:
 
--   generating HTML without the help of Jinja2
--   calling :class:`~flask.Markup` on data submitted by users
+-   generating HTML without the help of Jinja
+-   calling :class:`~markupsafe.Markup` on data submitted by users
 -   sending out HTML from uploaded files, never do that, use the
     ``Content-Disposition: attachment`` header to prevent that problem.
 -   sending out textfiles from uploaded files.  Some browsers are using
@@ -31,7 +65,7 @@ careful:
     trick a browser to execute HTML.
 
 Another thing that is very important are unquoted attributes.  While
-Jinja2 can protect you from XSS issues by escaping HTML, there is one
+Jinja can protect you from XSS issues by escaping HTML, there is one
 thing it cannot protect you from: XSS by attribute injection.  To counter
 this possible attack vector, be sure to always quote your attributes with
 either double or single quotes when using Jinja expressions in them:
@@ -124,7 +158,7 @@ recommend reviewing each of the headers below for use in your application.
 The `Flask-Talisman`_ extension can be used to manage HTTPS and the security
 headers for you.
 
-.. _Flask-Talisman: https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/flask-talisman
+.. _Flask-Talisman: https://github.com/wntrblm/flask-talisman
 
 HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS)
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
@@ -235,17 +269,25 @@ values (or any values that need secure signatures).
 .. _samesite_support: https://caniuse.com/#feat=same-site-cookie-attribute
 
 
-HTTP Public Key Pinning (HPKP)
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+Host Header Validation
+----------------------
 
-This tells the browser to authenticate with the server using only the specific
-certificate key to prevent MITM attacks.
+The ``Host`` header is used by the client to indicate what host name the request
+was made to. This is used, for example, by ``url_for(..., _external=True)`` to
+generate full URLs, for use in email or other messages outside the browser
+window.
 
-.. warning::
-   Be careful when enabling this, as it is very difficult to undo if you set up
-   or upgrade your key incorrectly.
+By default the app doesn't know what host(s) it is allowed to be accessed
+through, and assumes any host is valid. Although browsers do not allow setting
+the ``Host`` header, requests made by attackers in other scenarios could set
+the ``Host`` header to a value they want.
 
-- https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Public_Key_Pinning
+When deploying your application, set :data:`TRUSTED_HOSTS` to restrict what
+values the ``Host`` header may be.
+
+The ``Host`` header may be modified by proxies in between the client and your
+application. See :doc:`deploying/proxy_fix` to tell your app which proxy values
+to trust.
 
 
 Copy/Paste to Terminal

examples/celery/pyproject.toml

@@ -3,9 +3,15 @@ name = "flask-example-celery"
 version = "1.0.0"
 description = "Example Flask application with Celery background tasks."
 readme = "README.md"
-requires-python = ">=3.7"
-dependencies = ["flask>=2.2.2", "celery[redis]>=5.2.7"]
+classifiers = ["Private :: Do Not Upload"]
+dependencies = ["flask", "celery[redis]"]
 
 [build-system]
-requires = ["setuptools"]
-build-backend = "setuptools.build_meta"
+requires = ["flit_core<4"]
+build-backend = "flit_core.buildapi"
+
+[tool.flit.module]
+name = "task_app"
+
+[tool.ruff]
+src = ["src"]

examples/celery/requirements.txt

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #
-# This file is autogenerated by pip-compile with Python 3.10
+# This file is autogenerated by pip-compile with Python 3.11
 # by the following command:
 #
 #    pip-compile --resolver=backtracking pyproject.toml
@@ -10,6 +10,8 @@ async-timeout==4.0.2
     # via redis
 billiard==3.6.4.0
     # via celery
+blinker==1.6.2
+    # via flask
 celery[redis]==5.2.7
     # via flask-example-celery (pyproject.toml)
 click==8.1.3
@@ -25,7 +27,7 @@ click-plugins==1.1.1
     # via celery
 click-repl==0.2.0
     # via celery
-flask==2.2.3
+flask==2.3.2
     # via flask-example-celery (pyproject.toml)
 itsdangerous==2.1.2
     # via flask
@@ -37,11 +39,11 @@ markupsafe==2.1.2
     # via
     #   jinja2
     #   werkzeug
-prompt-toolkit==3.0.37
+prompt-toolkit==3.0.38
     # via click-repl
-pytz==2022.7.1
+pytz==2023.3
     # via celery
-redis==4.5.1
+redis==4.5.4
     # via celery
 six==1.16.0
     # via click-repl
@@ -52,5 +54,5 @@ vine==5.0.0
     #   kombu
 wcwidth==0.2.6
     # via prompt-toolkit
-werkzeug==2.2.3
+werkzeug==2.3.3
     # via flask

examples/javascript/.gitignore

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-venv/
+.venv/
 *.pyc
 __pycache__/
 instance/

examples/javascript/MANIFEST.in

@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-include LICENSE.rst
-graft js_example/templates
-graft tests
-global-exclude *.pyc

examples/javascript/README.rst

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ page. Demonstrates using |fetch|_, |XMLHttpRequest|_,  and
 .. |jQuery.ajax| replace:: ``jQuery.ajax``
 .. _jQuery.ajax: https://api.jquery.com/jQuery.ajax/
 
-.. _Flask docs: https://flask.palletsprojects.com/patterns/jquery/
+.. _Flask docs: https://flask.palletsprojects.com/patterns/javascript/
 
 
 Install
@@ -23,8 +23,8 @@ Install
 
 .. code-block:: text
 
-    $ python3 -m venv venv
-    $ . venv/bin/activate
+    $ python3 -m venv .venv
+    $ . .venv/bin/activate
     $ pip install -e .
 
 

examples/javascript/js_example/views.py

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ from flask import jsonify
 from flask import render_template
 from flask import request
 
-from js_example import app
+from . import app
 
 
 @app.route("/", defaults={"js": "fetch"})

examples/javascript/pyproject.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+[project]
+name = "js_example"
+version = "1.1.0"
+description = "Demonstrates making AJAX requests to Flask."
+readme = "README.rst"
+license = {file = "LICENSE.txt"}
+maintainers = [{name = "Pallets", email = "contact@palletsprojects.com"}]
+classifiers = ["Private :: Do Not Upload"]
+dependencies = ["flask"]
+
+[project.urls]
+Documentation = "https://flask.palletsprojects.com/patterns/javascript/"
+
+[project.optional-dependencies]
+test = ["pytest"]
+
+[build-system]
+requires = ["flit_core<4"]
+build-backend = "flit_core.buildapi"
+
+[tool.flit.module]
+name = "js_example"
+
+[tool.pytest.ini_options]
+testpaths = ["tests"]
+filterwarnings = ["error"]
+
+[tool.coverage.run]
+branch = true
+source = ["js_example", "tests"]
+
+[tool.ruff]
+src = ["src"]

examples/javascript/setup.cfg

@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
-[metadata]
-name = js_example
-version = 1.1.0
-url = https://flask.palletsprojects.com/patterns/jquery/
-license = BSD-3-Clause
-maintainer = Pallets
-maintainer_email = contact@palletsprojects.com
-description = Demonstrates making AJAX requests to Flask.
-long_description = file: README.rst
-long_description_content_type = text/x-rst
-
-[options]
-packages = find:
-include_package_data = true
-install_requires =
-    Flask
-
-[options.extras_require]
-test =
-    pytest
-    blinker
-
-[tool:pytest]
-testpaths = tests
-
-[coverage:run]
-branch = True
-source =
-    js_example

examples/javascript/setup.py

@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-from setuptools import setup
-
-setup()

examples/javascript/tests/test_js_example.py

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ from flask import template_rendered
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
     ("path", "template_name"),
     (
-        ("/", "xhr.html"),
+        ("/", "fetch.html"),
         ("/plain", "xhr.html"),
         ("/fetch", "fetch.html"),
         ("/jquery", "jquery.html"),

examples/tutorial/.gitignore

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-venv/
+.venv/
 *.pyc
 __pycache__/
 instance/

examples/tutorial/MANIFEST.in

@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-include LICENSE.rst
-include flaskr/schema.sql
-graft flaskr/static
-graft flaskr/templates
-graft tests
-global-exclude *.pyc

examples/tutorial/README.rst

@@ -23,13 +23,13 @@ default Git version is the main branch. ::
 
 Create a virtualenv and activate it::
 
-    $ python3 -m venv venv
-    $ . venv/bin/activate
+    $ python3 -m venv .venv
+    $ . .venv/bin/activate
 
 Or on Windows cmd::
 
-    $ py -3 -m venv venv
-    $ venv\Scripts\activate.bat
+    $ py -3 -m venv .venv
+    $ .venv\Scripts\activate.bat
 
 Install Flaskr::
 

examples/tutorial/flaskr/__init__.py

@@ -31,12 +31,13 @@ def create_app(test_config=None):
         return "Hello, World!"
 
     # register the database commands
-    from flaskr import db
+    from . import db
 
     db.init_app(app)
 
     # apply the blueprints to the app
-    from flaskr import auth, blog
+    from . import auth
+    from . import blog
 
     app.register_blueprint(auth.bp)
     app.register_blueprint(blog.bp)

examples/tutorial/flaskr/auth.py

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ from flask import url_for
 from werkzeug.security import check_password_hash
 from werkzeug.security import generate_password_hash
 
-from flaskr.db import get_db
+from .db import get_db
 
 bp = Blueprint("auth", __name__, url_prefix="/auth")