458 lines
12 KiB
Markdown
458 lines
12 KiB
Markdown
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# Django 博客应用——给你的 Django 应用添加博客和评论
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> 原文：<https://www.askpython.com/django/django-blog-app>
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在本文中，我们将创建一个 Django 博客应用程序。对于门外汉来说，在开始用 Django 构建自己的博客应用程序之前，让我们先快速了解一下什么是博客。
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## 什么是博客？
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博客网站是一个在线平台，其中以离散和信息丰富的文本形式条目(帖子)发布所有信息。此外，人们还可以在每个博客的评论区分享问题和讨论观点。
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博客应用程序是实践 Django 框架的一个很好的方式。我们现在将创建一个博客应用程序，浏览者可以:
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* 查看所有博客的列表
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* 查看每篇博客文章
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* 在每个博客文章的评论区发表评论
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* 搜索特定的博客文章
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## **建立 Django 博客的先决条件**
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在此应用中，我们需要以下知识:
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* **[Django 车型](https://www.askpython.com/django/django-models)**
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* **[姜戈观点](https://www.askpython.com/django/django-views)**
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* **[姜戈网址](https://www.askpython.com/django/django-url-mapping)**
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* **[Django 模板](https://www.askpython.com/django/django-templates)**
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* **[姜戈形态](https://www.askpython.com/django/django-forms)**
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如果你对其中任何一部分感到不熟悉，请务必先浏览一遍。
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## **打造我们自己的 Django 博客应用**
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现在我们已经具备了所需的知识，让我们今天就开始构建你的第一个 Django 博客应用程序。
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### 1.**创建 Django 项目和应用**
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第一步是为应用程序建立一个新的 **[Django 项目](https://www.askpython.com/django/django-app-structure-project-structure)** 。因此，在终端运行中:
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```py
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django-admin startproject <project_name>
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```
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现在，**进入项目**，运行下面的代码行创建一个 Django 应用程序:
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```py
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django-admin startapp blogapp
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```
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就是这样，现在在 **settings.py** 中注册 Django app
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INSTALLED_APPS
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### 2.**包括项目 URL 文件的应用程序 URL**
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在应用程序中创建新的 urls.py 文件，然后将其链接到项目 urls.py 文件。因此，在**项目/urls.py** 中，添加代码:
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```py
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from django.contrib import admin
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from django.urls import path,include
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urlpatterns = [
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path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
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path('', include('blogapp.urls')),
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]
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```
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同时在 **admin.py 文件**中注册模型。在 admins.py 文件中添加代码:
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```py
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from .models import BlogModel, CommentModel
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admin.site.register(BlogModel)
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admin.site.register(CommentModel)
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```
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### 3.**编码 Django 模型**
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在我们的 BlogApp 中，我们需要一个模型来存储博客，一个模型来存储每个博客的评论。
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因此，在 **blogapp/models.py 中，**用以下字段创建两个模型——blog model 和 CommentModel
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```py
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from django.db import models
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class BlogModel(models.Model):
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id = models.IntegerField(primary_key=True)
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blog_title = models.CharField(max_length=20)
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blog = models.TextField()
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def __str__(self):
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return f"Blog: {self.blog_title}"
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class CommentModel(models.Model):
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your_name = models.CharField(max_length=20)
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comment_text = models.TextField()
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blog = models.ForeignKey('BlogModel', on_delete=models.CASCADE)
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def __str__(self):
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return f"Comment by Name: {self.your_name}"
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```
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请注意，CommentModel 中的 blog 字段链接到 BlogModel，因为每个单独的博客页面将只显示该博客上的评论。
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### 4.**编码 Django 表格**
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我们还需要两种形式:
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1. 用于写评论的评论表单
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2. 用于搜索博客的搜索表单
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因此，在 **blogapp** 中创建一个 **forms.py** 文件，并在其中添加以下代码:
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```py
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from django import forms
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class CommentForm(forms.Form):
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your_name =forms.CharField(max_length=20)
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comment_text =forms.CharField(widget=forms.Textarea)
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def __str__(self):
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return f"{self.comment_text} by {self.your_name}"
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class SearchForm(forms.Form):
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title = forms.CharField(max_length=20)
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```
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### 5.**编码 Django 视图**
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同样，我们需要两个视图:
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1. **ListView** :显示博客列表和搜索表单
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2. **详细视图:**显示个人博客、评论表单和之前提交的评论
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因此，将下面的列表视图和详细视图添加到 **blogapp/views.py** 中:
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```py
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from .models import BlogModel,CommentModel
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from .forms import SearchForm,CommentForm
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from django.shortcuts import render,redirect
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def BlogListView(request):
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dataset = BlogModel.objects.all()
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if request.method == 'POST':
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form = SearchForm(request.POST)
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if form.is_valid():
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title = form.cleaned_data['title']
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blog = BlogModel.objects.get(blog_title=title)
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return redirect(f'/blog/{blog.id}')
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else:
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form = SearchForm()
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context = {
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'dataset':dataset,
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'form':form,
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}
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return render(request,'blogapp/listview.html',context)
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def BlogDetailView(request,_id):
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try:
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data =BlogModel.objects.get(id =_id)
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comments = CommentModel.objects.filter(blog = data)
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except BlogModel.DoesNotExist:
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raise Http404('Data does not exist')
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if request.method == 'POST':
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form = CommentForm(request.POST)
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if form.is_valid():
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Comment = CommentModel(your_name= form.cleaned_data['your_name'],
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comment_text=form.cleaned_data['comment_text'],
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blog=data)
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Comment.save()
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return redirect(f'/blog/{_id}')
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else:
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form = CommentForm()
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context = {
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'data':data,
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'form':form,
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'comments':comments,
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}
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return render(request,'blogapp/detailview.html',context)
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```
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视图的 URL 路径将是:
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```py
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path('blogs/', BlogListView, name='blogs'),
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path('blog/<int:_id>', BlogDetailView, name='blog'),
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```
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将上述代码添加到 **blogapp/urls.py** 中
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### **6。编码 Django 模板**
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为了显示内容，我们再次需要两个模板，每个视图一个。因此:
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1. 在应用程序中创建一个模板文件夹。
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2. 在模板文件夹中，创建一个名为 blogapp 的文件夹
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现在，在 **templates/blogapp** 文件夹中，添加以下两个文件:listview.html 和 detailview.html**的**文件。****
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1. **listview.html 文件**
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```py
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<form method="post">
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{%csrf_token %}
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<H2> Search Blog Here</H2>
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{{form.as_p}}
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<input type ="submit" value="Search">
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</form>
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{% for data in dataset %}
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<h3>{{data.blog_title}}</h3>
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<a href = "{% url 'blog' _id=data.id %}">Read More</a>
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<hr/>
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{% endfor %}
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```
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2.**detailview.html 文件**
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```py
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<h3>Title:</h3><p>{{data.blog_title}}</p><br>
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<h3>Blog</h3>
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<p>{{data.blog}}</p>
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<hr/>
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<a href = "{% url 'blogs' %}">Go Back</a>
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<form method="post">
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{%csrf_token %}
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<H2> Comment Here</H2>
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{{form.as_p}}
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<input type ="submit" value="Comment">
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</form>
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{%for comment in comments%}
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<p><strong>{{comment.your_name}}:</strong> {{comment.comment_text}}</p>
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{%endfor %}
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```
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就是这样！！这是博客应用程序所需的全部内容。
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## **项目的最终代码**
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所有文件的最终组合代码如下所示:
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1. **models.py**
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```py
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from django.db import models
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class BlogModel(models.Model):
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id = models.IntegerField(primary_key=True)
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blog_title = models.CharField(max_length=20)
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blog = models.TextField()
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def __str__(self):
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return f"Blog: {self.blog_title}"
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class CommentModel(models.Model):
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your_name = models.CharField(max_length=20)
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comment_text = models.TextField()
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blog = models.ForeignKey('BlogModel', on_delete=models.CASCADE)
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def __str__(self):
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return f"Comment by Name: {self.your_name}"
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```
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2. **forms.py**
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```py
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from django import forms
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class CommentForm(forms.Form):
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your_name =forms.CharField(max_length=20)
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comment_text =forms.CharField(widget=forms.Textarea)
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def __str__(self):
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return f"{self.comment_text} by {self.your_name}"
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class SearchForm(forms.Form):
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title = forms.CharField(max_length=20)
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```
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3. **views.py**
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```py
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from .models import BlogModel,CommentModel
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from .forms import SearchForm,CommentForm
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from django.shortcuts import render,redirect
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def BlogListView(request):
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dataset = BlogModel.objects.all()
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if request.method == 'POST':
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form = SearchForm(request.POST)
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if form.is_valid():
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title = form.cleaned_data['title']
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blog = BlogModel.objects.get(blog_title=title)
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return redirect(f'/blog/{blog.id}')
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else:
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form = SearchForm()
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context = {
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'dataset':dataset,
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'form':form,
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}
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return render(request,'blogapp/listview.html',context)
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def BlogDetailView(request,_id):
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try:
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data =BlogModel.objects.get(id =_id)
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comments = CommentModel.objects.filter(blog = data)
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except BlogModel.DoesNotExist:
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raise Http404('Data does not exist')
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if request.method == 'POST':
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form = CommentForm(request.POST)
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if form.is_valid():
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Comment = CommentModel(your_name= form.cleaned_data['your_name'],
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comment_text=form.cleaned_data['comment_text'],
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blog=data)
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Comment.save()
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return redirect(f'/blog/{_id}')
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else:
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form = CommentForm()
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context = {
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'data':data,
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'form':form,
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'comments':comments,
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}
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return render(request,'blogapp/detailview.html',context)
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```
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4.**listview.html**
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```py
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<html>
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<body>
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<form method="post">
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{%csrf_token %}
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<H2> Search Blog Here</H2>
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{{form.as_p}}
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<input type ="submit" value="Search">
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</form>
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{% for data in dataset %}
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<h3>{{data.blog_title}}</h3>
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<a href = "{% url 'blog' _id=data.id %}">Read More</a>
|
|||
|
|
<hr/>
|
|||
|
|
{% endfor %}
|
|||
|
|
</html>
|
|||
|
|
</body>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
4.**listview.html**
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
```py
|
|||
|
|
<html>
|
|||
|
|
<body>
|
|||
|
|
<h3>Title:</h3><p>{{data.blog_title}}</p><br>
|
|||
|
|
<h3>Blog</h3>
|
|||
|
|
<p>{{data.blog}}</p>
|
|||
|
|
<hr/>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<a href = "{% url 'blogs' %}">Go Back</a>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<form method="post">
|
|||
|
|
{%csrf_token %}
|
|||
|
|
<H2> Comment Here</H2>
|
|||
|
|
{{form.as_p}}
|
|||
|
|
<input type ="submit" value="Comment">
|
|||
|
|
</form>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
{%for comment in comments%}
|
|||
|
|
<p><strong>{{comment.your_name}}:</strong> {{comment.comment_text}}</p>
|
|||
|
|
{%endfor %}
|
|||
|
|
</html>
|
|||
|
|
</body>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
5\. **blogapp/urls.py**
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
```py
|
|||
|
|
from django.contrib import admin
|
|||
|
|
from django.urls import path
|
|||
|
|
from .views import *
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
urlpatterns = [
|
|||
|
|
path('blogs/', BlogListView, name='blogs'),
|
|||
|
|
path('blog/<int:_id>', BlogDetailView, name='blog'),
|
|||
|
|
]
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
## **项目实施**
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
这就是它的编码员，让我们现在实现代码。首先，我们需要应用迁移来创建 DB 模型表。因此，在 shell 中运行以下代码:
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
```py
|
|||
|
|
python manage.py migrate
|
|||
|
|
python manage.py makemigrations
|
|||
|
|
python manage.py migrate
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
现在使用终端运行服务器:
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
```py
|
|||
|
|
python manage.py runserver
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
现在通过管理站点(" **/admin** ")添加一些博客
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
Blog Admin
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
现在转到“**/博客**”端点
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
Blogs
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
现在去任何一个博客，说 **Django Hello World**
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
Blog 1
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
添加评论并点击提交，评论将出现在下面
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
Blog 1 With Comment
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
请注意，当你去任何其他博客，比如说 Django Views one，你不会看到上面的评论，因为它只针对 Django Hello World 博客。
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
Blog 2
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
## **结论**
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
就是这样，编码员们，这都是关于 Django 博客应用程序的。尝试创建您自己的博客应用程序，并添加用户身份验证等附加功能。请务必查看 Django 用户认证文章以获得帮助。
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
在下一篇文章中，我们将把我们的项目部署到一个 **VPS(虚拟专用服务器)**上。
|