277 lines
11 KiB
Markdown
277 lines
11 KiB
Markdown
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# Python | Tkinter–GUI 中的天气应用程序
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> 原文：<https://www.askpython.com/python/examples/gui-weather-app-in-python>
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在本教程中，您将了解如何用 Python 创建 GUI 天气应用程序。它使用开放的天气地图 API 来获取全球城市和地方的最新天气信息。此外，我们将使用 GUI(图形用户界面)而不是传统的枯燥方式来实现天气应用程序，这种方式广泛可用，在 CLI(命令行界面)中显示输出。
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## Python 中天气应用程序的代码–GUI
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事不宜迟，让我们直接进入用 Python 创建 GUI 天气应用程序的代码设置
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### 1.安装并导入 Tkinter
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我们从使用 [pip 包管理器](https://www.askpython.com/python-modules/python-pip)安装所需的库开始。在命令行或终端中输入以下命令来安装模块。
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我们需要安装:
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* [请求](https://www.askpython.com/python-modules/requests-in-python):从 API 获取数据
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* 使我们的天气应用程序 GUI(图形用户界面)基于。
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* [DateTime](https://www.askpython.com/python-modules/python-datetime-module) :将时间从 API 转换为不同的格式
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```py
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pip install tkinter
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pip install datetime
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pip install requests
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pip install json
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```
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在从终端安装了所需的库之后，我们现在转移到 Python 文件来编码。我们首先将库导入为:
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```py
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from tkinter import *
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import requests
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import json
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from datetime import datetime
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```
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### 2.初始化 Tkinter 窗口
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下一步，我们使用 Tkinter 模块初始化 GUI 窗口。
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```py
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#Initialize Window
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root =Tk()
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root.geometry("400x400") #size of the window by default
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root.resizable(0,0) #to make the window size fixed
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#title of our window
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root.title("Weather App - AskPython.com")
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```
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### 3\. OpenWeatherMap API
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在我们的代码中，我们将使用开放的天气 API(免费层)来获取准确的最新天气信息。
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* 为此，请访问 [OpenWeatherMap](https://openweathermap.org/) 网站，然后**创建**一个账户。
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* 创建您的帐户后，转到个人资料，然后“**我的 API 密钥**”。
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* 这将为您的 API **键**打开一个网页，如下图所示，复制它以便在下一步的代码中使用。
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Open Weather Map API
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### 4.天气功能
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接下来，我们将向代码中添加功能。这一部分对于获取正确的天气信息至关重要，因为这涉及到从 API 获取数据并以准确的格式显示出来。
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我们编写了这个代码的最重要的功能，它用于显示天气，我们在代码中这样做:
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```py
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city_value = StringVar()
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def showWeather():
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#Enter you api key, copies from the OpenWeatherMap dashboard
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api_key = "eda2b2s6d#sd65f4de7c4b8" #sample API
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# Get city name from user from the input field (later in the code)
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city_name=city_value.get()
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# API url
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weather_url = 'http://api.openweathermap.org/data/2.5/weather?q=' + city_name + '&appid='+api_key
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# Get the response from fetched url
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response = requests.get(weather_url)
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# changing response from json to python readable
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weather_info = response.json()
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tfield.delete("1.0", "end") #to clear the text field for every new output
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#as per API documentation, if the cod is 200, it means that weather data was successfully fetched
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if weather_info['cod'] == 200:
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kelvin = 273 # value of kelvin
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#-----------Storing the fetched values of weather of a city
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temp = int(weather_info['main']['temp'] - kelvin) #converting default kelvin value to Celcius
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feels_like_temp = int(weather_info['main']['feels_like'] - kelvin)
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pressure = weather_info['main']['pressure']
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humidity = weather_info['main']['humidity']
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wind_speed = weather_info['wind']['speed'] * 3.6
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sunrise = weather_info['sys']['sunrise']
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sunset = weather_info['sys']['sunset']
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timezone = weather_info['timezone']
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cloudy = weather_info['clouds']['all']
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description = weather_info['weather'][0]['description']
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sunrise_time = time_format_for_location(sunrise + timezone)
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sunset_time = time_format_for_location(sunset + timezone)
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#assigning Values to our weather varaible, to display as output
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weather = f"\nWeather of: {city_name}\nTemperature (Celsius): {temp}°\nFeels like in (Celsius): {feels_like_temp}°\nPressure: {pressure} hPa\nHumidity: {humidity}%\nSunrise at {sunrise_time} and Sunset at {sunset_time}\nCloud: {cloudy}%\nInfo: {description}"
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else:
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weather = f"\n\tWeather for '{city_name}' not found!\n\tKindly Enter valid City Name !!"
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tfield.insert(INSERT, weather) #to insert or send value in our Text Field to display output
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```
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作为添加功能的最后一步，我们添加了一个函数来改变时间格式，这个函数检查本地时间与 UTC( **世界协调时间**)的对比，在 UTC 中，API 根据我们的位置给出时间格式的输出。《出埃及记》世界协调时呼叫 IST。
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```py
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def time_format_for_location(utc_with_tz):
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local_time = datetime.utcfromtimestamp(utc_with_tz)
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return local_time.time()
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```
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### 5.编写 GUI 代码(前端元素)
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我们现在开始按照 GUI 对元素进行编码，包括标题、文本、标签、按钮等。
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首先，我们将**文本字段**编码为我们想要天气的**城市名称**，并附上标签来表明这一点:
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* 我们使用 **[Label](https://www.askpython.com/python-modules/tkinter/tkinter-frame-and-label)** 的方法生成一个文本标签来表示城市名称输入字段的用途。
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* **[录入](https://www.askpython.com/python-modules/tkinter/tkinter-entry-widget)** 方法用于制作一个录入字段，用于输入城市名称，查看其天气情况。
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* textvaraible 小部件用于在名为 city_value 的变量中存储输入的值
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* 除了这些小部件，我们还在代码中应用了一些样式，比如字体大小、颜色等等。
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```py
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city_head= Label(root, text = 'Enter City Name', font = 'Arial 12 bold').pack(pady=10) #to generate label heading
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inp_city = Entry(root, textvariable = city_value, width = 24, font='Arial 14 bold').pack() #entry field
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```
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我们编写了一个**查看天气按钮**，点击它可以查看用户输入城市的天气:
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* 我们给我们的按钮一些样式，以及名称——“检查天气”。我们使用' **command** '小部件，它显示了单击(按键)按钮时将运行什么函数(这里是 **showWeather** 函数),如前一步中编码的那样。
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```py
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Button(root, command = showWeather, text = "Check Weather", font="Arial 10", bg='lightblue', fg='black', activebackground="teal", padx=5, pady=5 ).pack(pady= 20)
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```
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添加这些内容后，我们在代码中添加输出元素。显示天气信息的元素。
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* 同样，我们在下面的文本框中添加了一个标签作为结果的标题
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* 为了显示输出，我们使用了一个**文本字段** ，它在每次按下“检查天气”按钮时获取其值。这个函数用于检查处理后从 API 获取的天气信息，showWeather 函数的输出]
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```py
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weather_now = Label(root, text = "The Weather is: ", font = 'arial 12 bold').pack(pady=10)
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tfield = Text(root, width=46, height=10)
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tfield.pack()
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```
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在执行我们的代码时，Tkinter 显示如下输出:
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Weather App Frontend In Python
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## Python 中 GUI 天气应用程序的最终代码
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```py
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from tkinter import *
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import requests
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import json
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from datetime import datetime
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#Initialize Window
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root =Tk()
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root.geometry("400x400") #size of the window by default
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root.resizable(0,0) #to make the window size fixed
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#title of our window
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root.title("Weather App - AskPython.com")
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# ----------------------Functions to fetch and display weather info
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city_value = StringVar()
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def time_format_for_location(utc_with_tz):
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local_time = datetime.utcfromtimestamp(utc_with_tz)
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return local_time.time()
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city_value = StringVar()
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def showWeather():
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#Enter you api key, copies from the OpenWeatherMap dashboard
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api_key = "eda2b2s6d#sd65f4de7c4b8" #sample API
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# Get city name from user from the input field (later in the code)
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city_name=city_value.get()
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# API url
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weather_url = 'http://api.openweathermap.org/data/2.5/weather?q=' + city_name + '&appid='+api_key
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# Get the response from fetched url
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response = requests.get(weather_url)
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# changing response from json to python readable
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weather_info = response.json()
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tfield.delete("1.0", "end") #to clear the text field for every new output
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#as per API documentation, if the cod is 200, it means that weather data was successfully fetched
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if weather_info['cod'] == 200:
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kelvin = 273 # value of kelvin
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#-----------Storing the fetched values of weather of a city
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temp = int(weather_info['main']['temp'] - kelvin) #converting default kelvin value to Celcius
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feels_like_temp = int(weather_info['main']['feels_like'] - kelvin)
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pressure = weather_info['main']['pressure']
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humidity = weather_info['main']['humidity']
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wind_speed = weather_info['wind']['speed'] * 3.6
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sunrise = weather_info['sys']['sunrise']
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sunset = weather_info['sys']['sunset']
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timezone = weather_info['timezone']
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cloudy = weather_info['clouds']['all']
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description = weather_info['weather'][0]['description']
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sunrise_time = time_format_for_location(sunrise + timezone)
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sunset_time = time_format_for_location(sunset + timezone)
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#assigning Values to our weather varaible, to display as output
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weather = f"\nWeather of: {city_name}\nTemperature (Celsius): {temp}°\nFeels like in (Celsius): {feels_like_temp}°\nPressure: {pressure} hPa\nHumidity: {humidity}%\nSunrise at {sunrise_time} and Sunset at {sunset_time}\nCloud: {cloudy}%\nInfo: {description}"
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else:
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weather = f"\n\tWeather for '{city_name}' not found!\n\tKindly Enter valid City Name !!"
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tfield.insert(INSERT, weather) #to insert or send value in our Text Field to display output
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#------------------------------Frontend part of code - Interface
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city_head= Label(root, text = 'Enter City Name', font = 'Arial 12 bold').pack(pady=10) #to generate label heading
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inp_city = Entry(root, textvariable = city_value, width = 24, font='Arial 14 bold').pack()
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Button(root, command = showWeather, text = "Check Weather", font="Arial 10", bg='lightblue', fg='black', activebackground="teal", padx=5, pady=5 ).pack(pady= 20)
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#to show output
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weather_now = Label(root, text = "The Weather is:", font = 'arial 12 bold').pack(pady=10)
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tfield = Text(root, width=46, height=10)
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tfield.pack()
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root.mainloop()
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```
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基于 GUI 的天气应用程序的输出如下所示:
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<https://www.askpython.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Output-for-Weather-app-in-Python.mp4>
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## 结论
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教程到此为止。希望你已经很好地学习了如何用 Python 制作一个天气应用程序，并通过编写一个基于接口的脚本以及 API 调用(打开天气地图)和 Tkinter 来提高水平。
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