164 lines
6.8 KiB
Markdown
164 lines
6.8 KiB
Markdown
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# PySimpleGUI:使用多个窗口
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> 原文：<https://www.blog.pythonlibrary.org/2021/01/20/pysimplegui-working-with-multiple-windows/>
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当你创建图形用户界面(GUI)时，你经常会发现你需要创建不止一个窗口。在本教程中，您将学习如何使用 [PySimpleGUI](https://pysimplegui.readthedocs.io/en/latest/) 创建两个窗口。
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PySimpleGUI 是最容易上手的 Python GUIs 之一。它包装了其他 Python GUIs，并为它们提供了一个公共接口。你可以在我的[PySimpleGUI 简介](https://www.blog.pythonlibrary.org/2019/10/23/a-brief-intro-to-pysimplegui/)或者我的文章《真正的 Python， [PySimpleGUI:用 Python 创建 GUI 的简单方法](https://realpython.com/pysimplegui-python/)中读到更多。
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#### 入门指南
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您需要安装 PySimpleGUI 来开始使用它。您可以使用画中画来做到这一点:
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```py
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python -m pip install pysimplegui
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```
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#### 使窗口模式化
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PySimpleGUI 提供了一个**窗口**元素，用于显示其他元素，比如按钮、文本、图像等等。这些窗口可以是模态的。模式窗口不允许你与程序中的其他窗口交互，直到你退出它。当你想强迫用户读一些东西或者问用户一个问题时，这是很有用的。例如，一个模态对话框可以用来询问用户是否真的想退出你的程序，或者显示一个最终用户协议(EULA)对话框。
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您可以创建两个窗口，并在 PySimpleGUI 中同时显示它们，如下所示:
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```py
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import PySimpleGUI as sg
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def open_window():
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layout = [[sg.Text("New Window", key="new")]]
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window = sg.Window("Second Window", layout, modal=True)
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choice = None
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while True:
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event, values = window.read()
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if event == "Exit" or event == sg.WIN_CLOSED:
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break
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window.close()
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def main():
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layout = [[sg.Button("Open Window", key="open")]]
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window = sg.Window("Main Window", layout)
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while True:
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event, values = window.read()
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if event == "Exit" or event == sg.WIN_CLOSED:
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break
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if event == "open":
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open_window()
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window.close()
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if __name__ == "__main__":
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main()
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```
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当您运行这段代码时，您会看到一个小的主窗口，如下所示:
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如果你点击“打开窗口”按钮，你会得到一个新的窗口，看起来像这样:
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第二个窗口中有一个名为*模态*的参数，它被设置为**真**。这意味着在关闭第二个窗口之前，您无法与第一个窗口进行交互。
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现在让我们来看一种方法，如果你正在创建一个像上面这样的简单窗口，你可以缩短你的代码。
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#### 创建内嵌的新窗口
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你不必为你的第二窗口写一个完全独立的函数。如果你不想在第二个窗口中有很多小部件，那么你可以创建一个一行或两行的窗口。
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有一种方法可以做到:
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```py
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import PySimpleGUI as sg
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def main():
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layout = [[sg.Button("Open Window", key="open")]]
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window = sg.Window("Main Window", layout)
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while True:
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event, values = window.read()
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if event == "Exit" or event == sg.WIN_CLOSED:
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break
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if event == "open":
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if sg.Window("Other Window", [[sg.Text("Try Again?")],
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[sg.Yes(), sg.No()]]).read(close=True)[0] == "Yes":
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print("User chose yes!")
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else:
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print("User chose no!")
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window.close()
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if __name__ == "__main__":
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main()
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```
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在本例中，当您单击“打开窗口”按钮时，它会在条件语句中创建第二个窗口。该窗口直接调用 **read()** ，当用户选择“是”、“否”或退出窗口时关闭。根据用户的选择，条件将打印出不同的内容。
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#### 传统的多窗口设计模式
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PySimpleGUI 有一个推荐的方法来处理多个窗口。在他们的[食谱](https://pysimplegui.readthedocs.io/en/latest/cookbook/#multiple-windows)和 Github 上的[演示中提到了这一点。这里有一个来自**的例子 Demo _ Design _ Pattern _ Multiple _ windows . py:**](https://github.com/PySimpleGUI/PySimpleGUI/tree/master/DemoPrograms)
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```py
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import PySimpleGUI as sg
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"""
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Demo - 2 simultaneous windows using read_all_window
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Window 1 launches window 2
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BOTH remain active in parallel
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Both windows have buttons to launch popups. The popups are "modal" and thus no other windows will be active
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Copyright 2020 PySimpleGUI.org
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"""
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def make_win1():
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layout = [[sg.Text('This is the FIRST WINDOW'), sg.Text(' ', k='-OUTPUT-')],
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[sg.Text('Click Popup anytime to see a modal popup')],
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[sg.Button('Launch 2nd Window'), sg.Button('Popup'), sg.Button('Exit')]]
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return sg.Window('Window Title', layout, location=(800,600), finalize=True)
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def make_win2():
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layout = [[sg.Text('The second window')],
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[sg.Input(key='-IN-', enable_events=True)],
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[sg.Text(size=(25,1), k='-OUTPUT-')],
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[sg.Button('Erase'), sg.Button('Popup'), sg.Button('Exit')]]
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return sg.Window('Second Window', layout, finalize=True)
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window1, window2 = make_win1(), None # start off with 1 window open
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while True: # Event Loop
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window, event, values = sg.read_all_windows()
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if event == sg.WIN_CLOSED or event == 'Exit':
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window.close()
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if window == window2: # if closing win 2, mark as closed
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window2 = None
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elif window == window1: # if closing win 1, exit program
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break
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elif event == 'Popup':
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sg.popup('This is a BLOCKING popup','all windows remain inactive while popup active')
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elif event == 'Launch 2nd Window' and not window2:
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window2 = make_win2()
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elif event == '-IN-':
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window['-OUTPUT-'].update(f'You enetered {values["-IN-"]}')
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elif event == 'Erase':
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window['-OUTPUT-'].update('')
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window['-IN-'].update('')
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window.close()
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```
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当您运行这段代码时，您可以打开几个不同的窗口，如下所示:
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你会想尝试使用这两种方法，看看哪种最适合你。这个方法的好处是只有一个事件循环，这简化了事情。
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#### 包扎
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PySimpleGUI 允许您创建简单和复杂的用户界面。虽然这里没有涉及，但是您也可以使用 **sg.popup()** 向用户显示一个更简单的对话框。这些对话框也可以是模态的，但不像常规窗口那样可以完全自定义。
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试试 PySimpleGUI，看看你的想法。
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#### 相关阅读
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* [PySimpleGUI 简介](https://www.blog.pythonlibrary.org/2019/10/23/a-brief-intro-to-pysimplegui/)
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* 【PySimpleGUI 的演示
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* 真正的 Python - [PySimpleGUI:用 Python 创建 GUI 的简单方法](https://realpython.com/pysimplegui-python/)
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