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<chapter id="jmx">
  <title>JMX</title>

  <section id="jmx-introduction">
    <title>Introduction</title>

    <para>The JMX support in Spring provides you with the features to easily
    and transparently integrate your Spring application into a JMX
    infrastructure.</para>

    <sidebar>
      <title>JMX?</title>

      <para>This chapter is not an introduction to JMX... it doesn't try to
      explain the motivations of why one might want to use JMX (or indeed what
      the letters JMX actually stand for). If you are new to JMX, check out
      <xref linkend="jmx-resources" /> at the end of this chapter.</para>
    </sidebar>

    <para>Specifically, Spring's JMX support provides four core
    features:</para>

    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>The automatic registration of <emphasis>any</emphasis> Spring
        bean as a JMX MBean</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para>A flexible mechanism for controlling the management interface of
        your beans</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para>The declarative exposure of MBeans over remote, JSR-160
        connectors</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para>The simple proxying of both local and remote MBean
        resources</para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>

    <para>These features are designed to work without coupling your
    application components to either Spring or JMX interfaces and classes.
    Indeed, for the most part your application classes need not be aware of
    either Spring or JMX in order to take advantage of the Spring JMX
    features.</para>
  </section>

  <section id="jmx-exporting">
    <title>Exporting your beans to JMX</title>

    <para>The core class in Spring's JMX framework is the
    <classname>MBeanExporter</classname>. This class is responsible for taking
    your Spring beans and registering them with a JMX
    <interfacename>MBeanServer</interfacename>. For example, consider the following
    class:</para>

    <programlisting language="java"><![CDATA[package org.springframework.jmx;

public class JmxTestBean implements IJmxTestBean {

    private String name;
    private int age;
    private boolean isSuperman;

    public int getAge() {
        return age;
    }

    public void setAge(int age) {
        this.age = age;
    }
    
    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    public int add(int x, int y) {
        return x + y;
    }

    public void dontExposeMe() {
        throw new RuntimeException();
    }
}]]></programlisting>

    <para>To expose the properties and methods of this bean as attributes and
    operations of an MBean you simply configure an instance of the
    <classname>MBeanExporter</classname> class in your configuration file and
    pass in the bean as shown below:</para>

    <programlisting language="xml"><![CDATA[<beans>

  ]]><lineannotation>&lt;!-- this bean must <emphasis role="bold">not</emphasis> be lazily initialized if the exporting is to happen --&gt;</lineannotation><![CDATA[
  <bean id="exporter" class="org.springframework.jmx.export.MBeanExporter"]]> <emphasis
        role="bold">lazy-init="false"</emphasis><![CDATA[>
    <property name="beans">
      <map>
        <entry key="bean:name=testBean1" value-ref="testBean"/>
      </map>
    </property>
  </bean>

  <bean id="testBean" class="org.springframework.jmx.JmxTestBean">
    <property name="name" value="TEST"/>
    <property name="age" value="100"/>
  </bean>

</beans>]]></programlisting>

    <para>The pertinent bean definition from the above configuration snippet
    is the <literal>exporter</literal> bean. The <literal>beans</literal>
    property tells the <classname>MBeanExporter</classname> exactly which of
    your beans must be exported to the JMX <interfacename>MBeanServer</interfacename>.
    In the default configuration, the key of each entry in the
    <literal>beans</literal> <interfacename>Map</interfacename> is used as the
    <classname>ObjectName</classname> for the bean referenced by the
    corresponding entry value. This behavior can be changed as described in
    <xref linkend="jmx-naming"/>.</para>

    <para>With this configuration the <literal>testBean</literal> bean is
    exposed as an MBean under the <classname>ObjectName</classname>
    <literal>bean:name=testBean1</literal>. By default, all
    <emphasis>public</emphasis> properties of the bean are exposed as
    attributes and all <emphasis>public</emphasis> methods (bar those
    inherited from the <classname>Object</classname> class) are exposed as
    operations.</para>

    <section id="jmx-exporting-mbeanserver">
      <title>Creating an <interfacename>MBeanServer</interfacename></title>

      <para>The above configuration assumes that the application is running in
      an environment that has one (and only one)
      <interfacename>MBeanServer</interfacename> already running. In this case, Spring
      will attempt to locate the running <interfacename>MBeanServer</interfacename>
      and register your beans with that server (if any). This behavior is
      useful when your application is running inside a container such as
      Tomcat or IBM WebSphere that has itss own
      <interfacename>MBeanServer</interfacename>.</para>

      <para>However, this approach is of no use in a standalone environment,
      or when running inside a container that does not provide an
      <interfacename>MBeanServer</interfacename>. To address this you can create an
      <interfacename>MBeanServer</interfacename> instance declaratively by adding an
      instance of the
      <classname>org.springframework.jmx.support.MBeanServerFactoryBean</classname>
      class to your configuration. You can also ensure that a specific
      <interfacename>MBeanServer</interfacename> is used by setting the value of the
      <classname>MBeanExporter</classname>'s <literal>server</literal>
      property to the <interfacename>MBeanServer</interfacename> value returned by an
      <classname>MBeanServerFactoryBean</classname>; for example:</para>

      <programlisting language="xml"><![CDATA[<beans>

  <bean id="mbeanServer" class="org.springframework.jmx.support.MBeanServerFactoryBean"/>

  ]]><lineannotation>&lt;!--
    this bean needs to be eagerly pre-instantiated in order for the exporting to occur;
    this means that it must <emphasis role="bold">not</emphasis> be marked as lazily initialized
  --&gt;</lineannotation><![CDATA[
  <bean id="exporter" class="org.springframework.jmx.export.MBeanExporter">
    <property name="beans">
      <map>
        <entry key="bean:name=testBean1" value-ref="testBean"/>
      </map>
    </property>
    <property name="server" ref="mbeanServer"/>
  </bean>

  <bean id="testBean" class="org.springframework.jmx.JmxTestBean">
    <property name="name" value="TEST"/>
    <property name="age" value="100"/>
  </bean>

</beans>]]></programlisting>

      <para>Here an instance of <interfacename>MBeanServer</interfacename> is created
      by the <classname>MBeanServerFactoryBean</classname> and is supplied to
      the <classname>MBeanExporter</classname> via the server property. When
      you supply your own <interfacename>MBeanServer</interfacename> instance, the
      <classname>MBeanExporter</classname> will not attempt to locate a
      running <interfacename>MBeanServer</interfacename> and will use the supplied
      <interfacename>MBeanServer</interfacename> instance. For this to work correctly,
      you must (of course) have a JMX implementation on your classpath.</para>
    </section>

    <section id="jmx-mbean-server">
      <title>Reusing an existing <interfacename>MBeanServer</interfacename></title>

      <para>If no server is specified, the <classname>MBeanExporter</classname>
      tries to automatically detect a running <interfacename>MBeanServer</interfacename>.
      This works in most environment where only one
      <interfacename>MBeanServer</interfacename> instance is used, however when multiple
      instances exist, the exporter might pick the wrong server. In such
      cases, one should use the <interfacename>MBeanServer</interfacename>
      <literal>agentId</literal> to indicate which instance to be used:</para>

      <programlisting language="xml"><![CDATA[<beans>
   <bean id="mbeanServer" class="org.springframework.jmx.support.MBeanServerFactoryBean">
     ]]><lineannotation>&lt;!-- indicate to first look for a server --&gt;</lineannotation><![CDATA[
     <property name="locateExistingServerIfPossible" value="true"/>
     ]]><lineannotation>&lt;!-- search for the <interfacename>MBeanServer</interfacename> instance with the given agentId --&gt;</lineannotation><![CDATA[
     <property name="agentId" value="]]><emphasis><![CDATA[<MBeanServer instance agentId>]]></emphasis><![CDATA["/>
   </bean>
   
   <bean id="exporter" class="org.springframework.jmx.export.MBeanExporter">
     <property name="server" ref="mbeanServer"/>
   ...
   </bean>
</beans>]]></programlisting>

      <para>For platforms/cases where the existing <interfacename>MBeanServer</interfacename>
      has a dynamic (or unknown) <literal>agentId</literal> which is retrieved through lookup
      methods, one should use <link linkend="beans-factory-class-static-factory-method">factory-method</link>:</para>

      <programlisting language="xml"><![CDATA[<beans>
   <bean id="exporter" class="org.springframework.jmx.export.MBeanExporter">
     <property name="server">
       ]]><lineannotation>&lt;!-- Custom <literal>MBeanServerLocator</literal> --&gt;</lineannotation><![CDATA[
       <bean class="platform.package.MBeanServerLocator" factory-method="locateMBeanServer"/>
     </property>
     
     ]]><lineannotation>&lt;!-- other beans here --&gt;</lineannotation><![CDATA[
     
   </bean>
</beans>]]></programlisting>
    </section>

    <section id="jmx-exporting-lazy">
      <title>Lazy-initialized MBeans</title>

      <para>If you configure a bean with the
      <classname>MBeanExporter</classname> that is also configured for lazy
      initialization, then the <classname>MBeanExporter</classname> will
      <emphasis role="bold">not</emphasis> break this contract and will avoid
      instantiating the bean. Instead, it will register a proxy with
      the <interfacename>MBeanServer</interfacename> and will defer obtaining the bean
      from the container until the first invocation on the proxy occurs.</para>
    </section>

    <section id="jmx-exporting-auto">
      <title>Automatic registration of MBeans</title>

      <para>Any beans that are exported through the
      <classname>MBeanExporter</classname> and are already valid MBeans are
      registered as-is with the <interfacename>MBeanServer</interfacename> without
      further intervention from Spring. MBeans can be automatically detected
      by the <classname>MBeanExporter</classname> by setting the
      <literal>autodetect</literal> property to <literal>true</literal>:</para>

      <programlisting language="xml"><![CDATA[<bean id="exporter" class="org.springframework.jmx.export.MBeanExporter">
  <property name="autodetect" value="true"/>
</bean>

<bean name="spring:mbean=true" class="org.springframework.jmx.export.TestDynamicMBean"/>]]></programlisting>

      <para>Here, the bean called <literal>spring:mbean=true</literal> is
      already a valid JMX MBean and will be automatically registered by
      Spring. By default, beans that are autodetected for JMX registration
      have their bean name used as the <classname>ObjectName</classname>. This
      behavior can be overridden as detailed in <xref linkend="jmx-naming" />.</para>
    </section>

    <section id="jmx-exporting-registration-behavior">
      <title>Controlling the registration behavior</title>

      <para>Consider the scenario where a Spring
      <classname>MBeanExporter</classname> attempts to register an
      <classname>MBean</classname> with an <interfacename>MBeanServer</interfacename>
      using the <classname>ObjectName</classname>
      <literal>'bean:name=testBean1'</literal>. If an
      <classname>MBean</classname> instance has already been registered under
      that same <classname>ObjectName</classname>, the default behavior is to
      fail (and throw an
      <exceptionname>InstanceAlreadyExistsException</exceptionname>).</para>

      <para>It is possible to control the behavior of exactly what happens
      when an <classname>MBean</classname> is registered with an
      <interfacename>MBeanServer</interfacename>. Spring's JMX support allows for
      three different registration behaviors to control the registration
      behavior when the registration process finds that an
      <classname>MBean</classname> has already been registered under the same
      <classname>ObjectName</classname>; these registration behaviors are
      summarized on the following table:</para>

      <table id="jmx-registration-behaviors">
          <title>Registration Behaviors</title>

          <tgroup cols="2">
            <colspec align="left" />

            <colspec colnum="1" colwidth="*" />

            <colspec colnum="2" colwidth="*" />

            <thead>
              <row>
                <entry align="center">Registration behavior</entry>

                <entry align="center">Explanation</entry>
              </row>
            </thead>

            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry><para><literal>REGISTRATION_FAIL_ON_EXISTING</literal></para></entry>

                <entry><para> This is the default registration behavior. If an
                <classname>MBean</classname> instance has already been
                registered under the same <classname>ObjectName</classname>,
                the <classname>MBean</classname> that is being registered will
                not be registered and an
                <exceptionname>InstanceAlreadyExistsException</exceptionname> will be
                thrown. The existing <classname>MBean</classname> is
                unaffected. </para></entry>
              </row>

              <row>
                <entry><para><literal>REGISTRATION_IGNORE_EXISTING</literal></para></entry>

                <entry><para> If an <classname>MBean</classname> instance has
                already been registered under the same
                <classname>ObjectName</classname>, the
                <classname>MBean</classname> that is being registered will
                <emphasis>not</emphasis> be registered. The existing
                <classname>MBean</classname> is unaffected, and no
                <exceptionname>Exception</exceptionname> will be thrown. </para>
                <para> This is useful in settings where multiple applications
                want to share a common <classname>MBean</classname> in a
                shared <interfacename>MBeanServer</interfacename>. </para></entry>
              </row>

              <row>
                <entry><para><literal>REGISTRATION_REPLACE_EXISTING</literal></para></entry>

                <entry><para> If an <classname>MBean</classname> instance has
                already been registered under the same
                <classname>ObjectName</classname>, the existing
                <classname>MBean</classname> that was previously registered
                will be unregistered and the new <classname>MBean</classname>
                will be registered in its place (the new
                <classname>MBean</classname> effectively replaces the previous
                instance). </para></entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </table>

      <para>The above values are defined as constants on the
      <classname>MBeanRegistrationSupport</classname> class (the
      <classname>MBeanExporter</classname> class derives from this
      superclass). If you want to change the default registration behavior,
      you simply need to set the value of the
      <literal>registrationBehaviorName</literal> property on your
      <classname>MBeanExporter</classname> definition to one of those
      values.</para>

      <para>The following example illustrates how to effect a change from the
      default registration behavior to the
      <literal>REGISTRATION_REPLACE_EXISTING</literal> behavior:</para>

      <programlisting language="xml"><![CDATA[<beans>

    <bean id="exporter" class="org.springframework.jmx.export.MBeanExporter">
        <property name="beans">
            <map>
                <entry key="bean:name=testBean1" value-ref="testBean"/>
            </map>
        </property>
        <property name="registrationBehaviorName" value="REGISTRATION_REPLACE_EXISTING"/>
    </bean>

    <bean id="testBean" class="org.springframework.jmx.JmxTestBean">
        <property name="name" value="TEST"/>
        <property name="age" value="100"/>
    </bean>

</beans>]]></programlisting>
    </section>
  </section>

  <section id="jmx-interface">
    <title>Controlling the management interface of your beans</title>

    <para>In the previous example, you had little control over the management
    interface of your bean; <emphasis>all</emphasis> of the
    <emphasis>public</emphasis> properties and methods of each exported bean
    was exposed as JMX attributes and operations respectively. To exercise
    finer-grained control over exactly which properties and methods of your
    exported beans are actually exposed as JMX attributes and operations,
    Spring JMX provides a comprehensive and extensible mechanism for
    controlling the management interfaces of your beans.</para>

    <section id="jmx-interface-assembler">
      <title>The <interfacename>MBeanInfoAssembler</interfacename>
      Interface</title>

      <para>Behind the scenes, the <classname>MBeanExporter</classname>
      delegates to an implementation of the
      <classname>org.springframework.jmx.export.assembler.MBeanInfoAssembler</classname>
      interface which is responsible for defining the management interface of
      each bean that is being exposed. The default implementation,
      <classname>org.springframework.jmx.export.assembler.SimpleReflectiveMBeanInfoAssembler</classname>,
      simply defines a management interface that exposes all public properties
      and methods (as you saw in the previous examples). Spring provides two
      additional implementations of the
      <interfacename>MBeanInfoAssembler</interfacename> interface that allow
      you to control the generated management interface using either
      source-level metadata or any arbitrary interface.</para>
    </section>

    <section id="jmx-interface-metadata">
      <title>Using source-Level metadata</title>

      <para>Using the <classname>MetadataMBeanInfoAssembler</classname> you
      can define the management interfaces for your beans using source level
      metadata. The reading of metadata is encapsulated by the
      <classname>org.springframework.jmx.export.metadata.JmxAttributeSource</classname>
      interface. Out of the box, Spring JMX provides support for two
      implementations of this interface:
      <classname>org.springframework.jmx.export.metadata.AttributesJmxAttributeSource</classname>
      for Commons Attributes and
      <classname>org.springframework.jmx.export.annotation.AnnotationJmxAttributeSource</classname>
      for JDK 5.0 annotations. The
      <classname>MetadataMBeanInfoAssembler</classname>
      <emphasis>must</emphasis> be configured with an implementation instance
      of the <classname>JmxAttributeSource</classname> interface for it to
      function correctly (there is <emphasis>no</emphasis> default). For the
      following example, we will use the Commons Attributes metadata
      approach.</para>

      <para>To mark a bean for export to JMX, you should annotate the bean
      class with the <classname>ManagedResource</classname> attribute. In the
      case of the Commons Attributes metadata approach this class can be found
      in the <literal>org.springframework.jmx.metadata</literal> package. Each
      method you wish to expose as an operation must be marked with the
      <classname>ManagedOperation</classname> attribute and each property you
      wish to expose must be marked with the
      <classname>ManagedAttribute</classname> attribute. When marking
      properties you can omit either the annotation of the getter or the
      setter to create a write-only or read-only attribute
      respectively.</para>

      <para>The example below shows the <classname>JmxTestBean</classname>
      class that you saw earlier marked with Commons Attributes
      metadata:</para>

      <programlisting language="java"><![CDATA[package org.springframework.jmx;

/**
 * @@org.springframework.jmx.export.metadata.ManagedResource
 *  (description="My Managed Bean", objectName="spring:bean=test",
 *  log=true, logFile="jmx.log", currencyTimeLimit=15, persistPolicy="OnUpdate",
 *  persistPeriod=200, persistLocation="foo", persistName="bar")
 */
public class JmxTestBean implements IJmxTestBean {

  private String name;

  private int age;


  /**
   * @@org.springframework.jmx.export.metadata.ManagedAttribute
   *   (description="The Age Attribute", currencyTimeLimit=15)
   */
  public int getAge() {
    return age;
  }

  public void setAge(int age) {
    this.age = age;
  }

  /**
   * @@org.springframework.jmx.export.metadata.ManagedAttribute
   *  (description="The Name Attribute",  currencyTimeLimit=20,
   *   defaultValue="bar", persistPolicy="OnUpdate")
   */
  public void setName(String name) {
    this.name = name;
  }

  /**
   * @@org.springframework.jmx.export.metadata.ManagedAttribute
   *   (defaultValue="foo", persistPeriod=300)
   */
  public String getName() {
    return name;
  }

  /**
   * @@org.springframework.jmx.export.metadata.ManagedOperation
   *  (description="Add Two Numbers Together")
   */
  public int add(int x, int y) {
    return x + y;
  }

  public void dontExposeMe() {
    throw new RuntimeException();
  }
}]]></programlisting>

      <para>Here you can see that the <classname>JmxTestBean</classname> class
      is marked with the <classname>ManagedResource</classname> attribute and
      that this <classname>ManagedResource</classname> attribute is configured
      with a set of properties. These properties can be used to configure
      various aspects of the MBean that is generated by the
      <classname>MBeanExporter</classname>, and are explained in greater
      detail later in section entitled <xref
      linkend="jmx-interface-metadata-types" />.</para>

      <para>You will also notice that both the <literal>age</literal> and
      <literal>name</literal> properties are annotated with the
      <classname>ManagedAttribute</classname> attribute, but in the case of
      the <literal>age</literal> property, only the getter is marked. This
      will cause both of these properties to be included in the management
      interface as attributes, but the <literal>age</literal> attribute will
      be read-only.</para>

      <para>Finally, you will notice that the <literal>add(int, int)</literal>
      method is marked with the <classname>ManagedOperation</classname>
      attribute whereas the <literal>dontExposeMe()</literal> method is not.
      This will cause the management interface to contain only one operation,
      <literal>add(int, int)</literal>, when using the
      <classname>MetadataMBeanInfoAssembler</classname>.</para>

      <para>The code below shows how you configure the
      <classname>MBeanExporter</classname> to use the
      <classname>MetadataMBeanInfoAssembler</classname>:</para>

      <programlisting language="xml"><![CDATA[<beans>

  <bean id="exporter" class="org.springframework.jmx.export.MBeanExporter">
    <property name="beans">
      <map>
        <entry key="bean:name=testBean1" value-ref="testBean"/>
      </map>
    </property>
    <property name="assembler" ref="assembler"/>
  </bean>

  <bean id="testBean" class="org.springframework.jmx.JmxTestBean">
    <property name="name" value="TEST"/>
    <property name="age" value="100"/>
  </bean>

  <bean id="attributeSource"
        class="org.springframework.jmx.export.metadata.AttributesJmxAttributeSource">
    <property name="attributes">
      <bean class="org.springframework.metadata.commons.CommonsAttributes"/>
    </property>
  </bean>

  <bean id="assembler" class="org.springframework.jmx.export.assembler.MetadataMBeanInfoAssembler">
    <property name="attributeSource" ref="attributeSource"/>
  </bean>

</beans>]]></programlisting>

      <para>Here you can see that an
      <classname>MetadataMBeanInfoAssembler</classname> bean has been
      configured with an instance of the
      <classname>AttributesJmxAttributeSource</classname> class and passed to
      the <classname>MBeanExporter</classname> through the assembler property.
      This is all that is required to take advantage of metadata-driven
      management interfaces for your Spring-exposed MBeans.</para>
    </section>

    <section id="jmx-interface-annotations">
      <title>Using JDK 5.0 Annotations</title>

      <para>To enable the use of JDK 5.0 annotations for management interface
      definition, Spring provides a set of annotations that mirror the Commons
      Attribute attribute classes and an implementation of the
      <interfacename>JmxAttributeSource</interfacename> strategy interface,
      the <classname>AnnotationsJmxAttributeSource</classname> class, that
      allows the <interfacename>MBeanInfoAssembler</interfacename> to read
      them.</para>

      <para>The example below shows a bean where the management interface is defined
      by the presence of JDK 5.0 annotation types:</para>

      <programlisting language="java"><![CDATA[package org.springframework.jmx;

import org.springframework.jmx.export.annotation.ManagedResource;
import org.springframework.jmx.export.annotation.ManagedOperation;
import org.springframework.jmx.export.annotation.ManagedAttribute;

@ManagedResource(objectName="bean:name=testBean4", description="My Managed Bean", log=true,
    logFile="jmx.log", currencyTimeLimit=15, persistPolicy="OnUpdate", persistPeriod=200,
    persistLocation="foo", persistName="bar")
public class AnnotationTestBean implements IJmxTestBean {

  private String name;
  private int age;

  @ManagedAttribute(description="The Age Attribute", currencyTimeLimit=15)
  public int getAge() {
    return age;
  }

  public void setAge(int age) {
    this.age = age;
  }

  @ManagedAttribute(description="The Name Attribute",
      currencyTimeLimit=20,
      defaultValue="bar",
      persistPolicy="OnUpdate")
  public void setName(String name) {
    this.name = name;
  }

  @ManagedAttribute(defaultValue="foo", persistPeriod=300)
  public String getName() {
    return name;
  }

  @ManagedOperation(description="Add two numbers")
  @ManagedOperationParameters({
    @ManagedOperationParameter(name = "x", description = "The first number"),
    @ManagedOperationParameter(name = "y", description = "The second number")})
  public int add(int x, int y) {
    return x + y;
  }

  public void dontExposeMe() {
    throw new RuntimeException();
  }
}]]></programlisting>

      <para>As you can see little has changed, other than the basic syntax of
      the metadata definitions.</para>

      <programlisting language="xml"><![CDATA[<beans>
    <bean id="exporter" class="org.springframework.jmx.export.MBeanExporter">
        <property name="assembler" ref="assembler"/>
        <property name="namingStrategy" ref="namingStrategy"/>
        <property name="autodetect" value="true"/>
    </bean>

    <bean id="jmxAttributeSource"
          class="org.springframework.jmx.export.annotation.AnnotationJmxAttributeSource"/>

    ]]><lineannotation>&lt;!-- will create management interface using annotation metadata --&gt;</lineannotation><![CDATA[
    <bean id="assembler"
          class="org.springframework.jmx.export.assembler.MetadataMBeanInfoAssembler">
        <property name="attributeSource" ref="jmxAttributeSource"/>
    </bean>

    ]]><lineannotation>&lt;!-- will pick up the <classname>ObjectName</classname> from the annotation --&gt;</lineannotation><![CDATA[
    <bean id="namingStrategy"
          class="org.springframework.jmx.export.naming.MetadataNamingStrategy">
        <property name="attributeSource" ref="jmxAttributeSource"/>
    </bean>

    <bean id="testBean" class="org.springframework.jmx.AnnotationTestBean">
        <property name="name" value="TEST"/>
        <property name="age" value="100"/>
    </bean>
</beans>]]></programlisting>
    </section>

    <section id="jmx-interface-metadata-types">
      <title>Source-Level Metadata Types</title>

      <para>The following source level metadata types are available for use in
      Spring JMX:</para>

      <para><table id="jmx-metadata-types">
          <title>Source-Level Metadata Types</title>

          <tgroup cols="4">
            <colspec align="left" />

            <colspec colname="spycolgen1" colnum="1" colwidth="*" />

            <colspec colname="spycolgen2" colnum="2" colwidth="*" />

            <colspec colname="spycolgen3" colnum="3" colwidth="*" />

            <thead>
              <row>
                <entry align="center">Purpose</entry>

                <entry align="center">Commons Attributes Attribute</entry>

                <entry align="center">JDK 5.0 Annotation</entry>

                <entry align="center">Attribute / Annotation Type</entry>
              </row>
            </thead>

            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>Mark all instances of a <classname>Class</classname> as
                JMX managed resources</entry>

                <entry><classname>ManagedResource</classname></entry>

                <entry><literal>@ManagedResource</literal></entry>

                <entry>Class</entry>
              </row>

              <row>
                <entry>Mark a method as a JMX operation</entry>

                <entry><classname>ManagedOperation</classname></entry>

                <entry><literal>@ManagedOperation</literal></entry>

                <entry>Method</entry>
              </row>

              <row>
                <entry>Mark a getter or setter as one half of a JMX
                attribute</entry>

                <entry><classname>ManagedAttribute</classname></entry>

                <entry><classname>@ManagedAttribute</classname></entry>

                <entry>Method (only getters and setters)</entry>
              </row>

              <row>
                <entry>Define descriptions for operation parameters</entry>

                <entry><classname>ManagedOperationParameter</classname></entry>

                <entry><classname>@ManagedOperationParameter</classname> and
                <classname>@ManagedOperationParameters</classname></entry>

                <entry>Method</entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </table></para>

      <para>The following configuration parameters are available for use on
      these source-level metadata types:</para>

      <para><table id="jmx-metadata-parameters">
          <title>Source-Level Metadata Parameters</title>

          <tgroup cols="3">
            <colspec align="left" />

            <colspec colname="spycolgen1" colnum="1" colwidth="*" />

            <colspec colname="spycolgen2" colnum="2" colwidth="*" />

            <thead>
              <row>
                <entry align="center">Parameter</entry>

                <entry align="center">Description</entry>

                <entry align="center">Applies to</entry>
              </row>
            </thead>

            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry><classname>ObjectName</classname></entry>

                <entry>Used by <classname>MetadataNamingStrategy</classname>
                to determine the <classname>ObjectName</classname> of a
                managed resource</entry>

                <entry><classname>ManagedResource</classname></entry>
              </row>

              <row>
                <entry><literal>description</literal></entry>

                <entry>Sets the friendly description of the resource,
                attribute or operation</entry>

                <entry><classname>ManagedResource</classname>,
                <classname>ManagedAttribute</classname>,
                <classname>ManagedOperation</classname>,
                <classname>ManagedOperationParameter</classname></entry>
              </row>

              <row>
                <entry><literal>currencyTimeLimit</literal></entry>

                <entry>Sets the value of the
                <literal>currencyTimeLimit</literal> descriptor field</entry>

                <entry><classname>ManagedResource</classname>,
                <classname>ManagedAttribute</classname></entry>
              </row>

              <row>
                <entry><literal>defaultValue</literal></entry>

                <entry>Sets the value of the <literal>defaultValue</literal>
                descriptor field</entry>

                <entry><classname>ManagedAttribute</classname></entry>
              </row>

              <row>
                <entry><literal>log</literal></entry>

                <entry>Sets the value of the <literal>log</literal> descriptor
                field</entry>

                <entry><classname>ManagedResource</classname></entry>
              </row>

              <row>
                <entry><literal>logFile</literal></entry>

                <entry>Sets the value of the <literal>logFile</literal>
                descriptor field</entry>

                <entry><classname>ManagedResource</classname></entry>
              </row>

              <row>
                <entry><literal>persistPolicy</literal></entry>

                <entry>Sets the value of the <literal>persistPolicy</literal>
                descriptor field</entry>

                <entry><classname>ManagedResource</classname></entry>
              </row>

              <row>
                <entry><literal>persistPeriod</literal></entry>

                <entry>Sets the value of the <literal>persistPeriod</literal>
                descriptor field</entry>

                <entry><classname>ManagedResource</classname></entry>
              </row>

              <row>
                <entry><literal>persistLocation</literal></entry>

                <entry>Sets the value of the
                <literal>persistLocation</literal> descriptor field</entry>

                <entry><classname>ManagedResource</classname></entry>
              </row>

              <row>
                <entry><literal>persistName</literal></entry>

                <entry>Sets the value of the <literal>persistName</literal>
                descriptor field</entry>

                <entry><classname>ManagedResource</classname></entry>
              </row>

              <row>
                <entry><literal>name</literal></entry>

                <entry>Sets the display name of an operation parameter</entry>

                <entry><literal>ManagedOperationParameter</literal></entry>
              </row>

              <row>
                <entry><literal>index</literal></entry>

                <entry>Sets the index of an operation parameter</entry>

                <entry><literal>ManagedOperationParameter</literal></entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </table></para>
    </section>

    <section id="jmx-interface-autodetect">
      <title>The <classname>AutodetectCapableMBeanInfoAssembler</classname>
      interface</title>

      <para>To simplify configuration even further, Spring introduces the
      <classname>AutodetectCapableMBeanInfoAssembler</classname> interface
      which extends the <interfacename>MBeanInfoAssembler</interfacename>
      interface to add support for autodetection of MBean resources. If you
      configure the <classname>MBeanExporter</classname> with an instance of
      <classname>AutodetectCapableMBeanInfoAssembler</classname> then it is
      allowed to "vote" on the inclusion of beans for exposure to JMX.</para>

      <para>Out of the box, the only implementation of the
      <classname>AutodetectCapableMBeanInfo</classname> interface is the
      <classname>MetadataMBeanInfoAssembler</classname> which will vote to
      include any bean which is marked with the
      <classname>ManagedResource</classname> attribute. The default approach
      in this case is to use the bean name as the
      <classname>ObjectName</classname> which results in a configuration like
      this:</para>

      <programlisting language="xml"><![CDATA[<beans>

  <bean id="exporter" class="org.springframework.jmx.export.MBeanExporter">
    ]]><lineannotation>&lt;!-- notice how no <literal>'beans'</literal> are explicitly configured here --&gt;</lineannotation><![CDATA[
    <property name="autodetect" value="true"/>
    <property name="assembler" ref="assembler"/>
  </bean>

  <bean id="testBean" class="org.springframework.jmx.JmxTestBean">
    <property name="name" value="TEST"/>
    <property name="age" value="100"/>
  </bean>

  ]]><lineannotation>&lt;!-- (for Commons Attributes-based metadata) --&gt;</lineannotation><![CDATA[
  <bean id="attributeSource"
        class="org.springframework.jmx.export.metadata.AttributesJmxAttributeSource">
    <property name="attributes">
      <bean class="org.springframework.metadata.commons.CommonsAttributes"/>
    </property>
  </bean>
  
  ]]><lineannotation>&lt;!-- (for Java 5+ annotations-based metadata) --&gt;</lineannotation><emphasis><![CDATA[
  <!--
  <bean id="attributeSource"
        class="org.springframework.jmx.export.annotation.AnnotationJmxAttributeSource"/>
  -->]]></emphasis><![CDATA[

  <bean id="assembler" class="org.springframework.jmx.export.assembler.MetadataMBeanInfoAssembler">
    <property name="attributeSource" ref="attributeSource"/>
  </bean>

</beans>]]></programlisting>

      <para>Notice that in this configuration no beans are passed to the
      <classname>MBeanExporter</classname>; however, the
      <classname>JmxTestBean</classname> will still be registered since it is
      marked with the <classname>ManagedResource</classname> attribute and the
      <classname>MetadataMBeanInfoAssembler</classname> detects this and votes
      to include it. The only problem with this approach is that the name of
      the <classname>JmxTestBean</classname> now has business meaning. You can
      address this issue by changing the default behavior for
      <classname>ObjectName</classname> creation as defined in
      <xref linkend="jmx-naming" />.</para>
    </section>

    <section id="jmx-interface-java">
      <title>Defining management interfaces using Java interfaces</title>

      <para>In addition to the
      <classname>MetadataMBeanInfoAssembler</classname>, Spring also includes
      the <classname>InterfaceBasedMBeanInfoAssembler</classname> which allows
      you to constrain the methods and properties that are exposed based on
      the set of methods defined in a collection of interfaces.</para>

      <para>Although the standard mechanism for exposing MBeans is to use
      interfaces and a simple naming scheme, the
      <classname>InterfaceBasedMBeanInfoAssembler</classname> extends this
      functionality by removing the need for naming conventions, allowing you
      to use more than one interface and removing the need for your beans to
      implement the MBean interfaces.</para>

      <para>Consider this interface that is used to define a management
      interface for the <classname>JmxTestBean</classname> class that you saw
      earlier:</para>

      <programlisting language="java"><![CDATA[public interface IJmxTestBean {

  public int add(int x, int y);

  public long myOperation();

  public int getAge();

  public void setAge(int age);

  public void setName(String name);

  public String getName();
}]]></programlisting>

      <para>This interface defines the methods and properties that will be
      exposed as operations and attributes on the JMX MBean. The code below
      shows how to configure Spring JMX to use this interface as the
      definition for the management interface:</para>

      <programlisting language="xml"><![CDATA[<beans>

  <bean id="exporter" class="org.springframework.jmx.export.MBeanExporter">
    <property name="beans">
      <map>
        <entry key="bean:name=testBean5" value-ref="testBean"/>
      </map>
    </property>
    <property name="assembler">
      <bean class="org.springframework.jmx.export.assembler.InterfaceBasedMBeanInfoAssembler">
        <property name="managedInterfaces">
          <value>org.springframework.jmx.IJmxTestBean</value>
        </property>
      </bean>
    </property>
  </bean>

  <bean id="testBean" class="org.springframework.jmx.JmxTestBean">
    <property name="name" value="TEST"/>
    <property name="age" value="100"/>
  </bean>

</beans>]]></programlisting>

      <para>Here you can see that the
      <classname>InterfaceBasedMBeanInfoAssembler</classname> is configured to
      use the <interfacename>IJmxTestBean</interfacename> interface when
      constructing the management interface for any bean. It is important to
      understand that beans processed by the
      <classname>InterfaceBasedMBeanInfoAssembler</classname> are
      <emphasis>not</emphasis> required to implement the interface used to
      generate the JMX management interface.</para>

      <para>In the case above, the <interfacename>IJmxTestBean</interfacename>
      interface is used to construct all management interfaces for all beans.
      In many cases this is not the desired behavior and you may want to use
      different interfaces for different beans. In this case, you can pass
      <classname>InterfaceBasedMBeanInfoAssembler</classname> a
      <classname>Properties</classname> instance via the
      <literal>interfaceMappings</literal> property, where the key of each
      entry is the bean name and the value of each entry is a comma-separated
      list of interface names to use for that bean.</para>

      <para>If no management interface is specified through either the
      <literal>managedInterfaces</literal> or
      <literal>interfaceMappings</literal> properties, then the
      <classname>InterfaceBasedMBeanInfoAssembler</classname> will reflect on
      the bean and use all of the interfaces implemented by that bean to
      create the management interface.</para>
    </section>

    <section id="jmx-interface-methodnames">
      <title>Using
      <classname>MethodNameBasedMBeanInfoAssembler</classname></title>

      <para>The <classname>MethodNameBasedMBeanInfoAssembler</classname>
      allows you to specify a list of method names that will be exposed to JMX
      as attributes and operations. The code below shows a sample
      configuration for this:</para>

      <programlisting language="xml"><![CDATA[<bean id="exporter" class="org.springframework.jmx.export.MBeanExporter">
    <property name="beans">
      <map>
        <entry key="bean:name=testBean5" value-ref="testBean"/>
      </map>
    </property>
    <property name="assembler">
      <bean class="org.springframework.jmx.export.assembler.MethodNameBasedMBeanInfoAssembler">
        <property name="managedMethods">
          <value>add,myOperation,getName,setName,getAge</value>
        </property>
      </bean>
    </property>
</bean>]]></programlisting>

      <para>Here you can see that the methods <literal>add</literal> and
      <literal>myOperation</literal> will be exposed as JMX operations and
      <literal>getName()</literal>, <literal>setName(String)</literal> and
      <literal>getAge()</literal> will be exposed as the appropriate half of a
      JMX attribute. In the code above, the method mappings apply to beans
      that are exposed to JMX. To control method exposure on a bean-by-bean
      basis, use the <literal>methodMappings</literal> property of
      <classname>MethodNameMBeanInfoAssembler</classname> to map bean names to
      lists of method names.</para>
    </section>
  </section>

  <section id="jmx-naming">
    <title>Controlling the <classname>ObjectName</classname>s for your beans</title>

    <para>Behind the scenes, the <classname>MBeanExporter</classname>
    delegates to an implementation of the
    <classname>ObjectNamingStrategy</classname> to obtain
    <classname>ObjectName</classname>s for each of the beans it is
    registering. The default implementation,
    <classname>KeyNamingStrategy</classname>, will, by default, use the key of
    the <literal>beans</literal> <interfacename>Map</interfacename> as the
    <classname>ObjectName</classname>. In addition, the
    <classname>KeyNamingStrategy</classname> can map the key of the
    <literal>beans</literal> <interfacename>Map</interfacename> to an entry in a
    <classname>Properties</classname> file (or files) to resolve the
    <classname>ObjectName</classname>. In addition to the
    <classname>KeyNamingStrategy</classname>, Spring provides two additional
    <classname>ObjectNamingStrategy</classname> implementations: the
    <classname>IdentityNamingStrategy</classname> that builds an
    <classname>ObjectName</classname> based on the JVM identity of the bean
    and the <classname>MetadataNamingStrategy</classname> that uses source
    level metadata to obtain the <classname>ObjectName</classname>.</para>

    <section id="jmx-naming-properties">
      <title>Reading <classname>ObjectName</classname>s from <classname>Properties</classname></title>

      <para>You can configure your own
      <classname>KeyNamingStrategy</classname> instance and configure it to
      read <classname>ObjectName</classname>s from a
      <classname>Properties</classname> instance rather than use bean key. The
      <classname>KeyNamingStrategy</classname> will attempt to locate an entry
      in the <classname>Properties</classname> with a key corresponding to the
      bean key. If no entry is found or if the
      <classname>Properties</classname> instance is <literal>null</literal>
      then the bean key itself is used.</para>

      <para>The code below shows a sample configuration for the
      <classname>KeyNamingStrategy</classname>:</para>

      <programlisting language="xml"><![CDATA[<beans>

  <bean id="exporter" class="org.springframework.jmx.export.MBeanExporter">
    <property name="beans">
      <map>
        <entry key="testBean" value-ref="testBean"/>
      </map>
    </property>
    <property name="namingStrategy" ref="namingStrategy"/>
  </bean>

  <bean id="testBean" class="org.springframework.jmx.JmxTestBean">
    <property name="name" value="TEST"/>
    <property name="age" value="100"/>
  </bean>

  <bean id="namingStrategy" class="org.springframework.jmx.export.naming.KeyNamingStrategy">
    <property name="mappings">
      <props>
        <prop key="testBean">bean:name=testBean1</prop>
      </props>
    </property>
    <property name="mappingLocations">
      <value>names1.properties,names2.properties</value>
    </property>
  </bean

</beans>]]></programlisting>

      <para>Here an instance of <classname>KeyNamingStrategy</classname> is
      configured with a <classname>Properties</classname> instance that is
      merged from the <classname>Properties</classname> instance defined by
      the mapping property and the properties files located in the paths
      defined by the mappings property. In this configuration, the
      <literal>testBean</literal> bean will be given the
      <classname>ObjectName</classname> <literal>bean:name=testBean1</literal>
      since this is the entry in the <classname>Properties</classname>
      instance that has a key corresponding to the bean key.</para>

      <para>If no entry in the <classname>Properties</classname> instance can
      be found then the bean key name is used as the
      <classname>ObjectName</classname>.</para>
    </section>

    <section id="jmx-naming-metadata">
      <title>Using the <classname>MetadataNamingStrategy</classname></title>

      <para>The <classname>MetadataNamingStrategy</classname> uses
      the <literal>objectName</literal> property of the
      <classname>ManagedResource</classname> attribute on each bean to create
      the <classname>ObjectName</classname>. The code below shows the
      configuration for the
      <classname>MetadataNamingStrategy</classname>:</para>

      <programlisting language="xml"><![CDATA[<beans>

  <bean id="exporter" class="org.springframework.jmx.export.MBeanExporter">
    <property name="beans">
      <map>
        <entry key="testBean" value-ref="testBean"/>
      </map>
    </property>
    <property name="namingStrategy" ref="namingStrategy"/>
  </bean>

  <bean id="testBean" class="org.springframework.jmx.JmxTestBean">
    <property name="name" value="TEST"/>
    <property name="age" value="100"/>
  </bean>

  <bean id="namingStrategy" class="org.springframework.jmx.export.naming.MetadataNamingStrategy">
    <property name="attributeSource" ref="attributeSource"/>
  </bean>

  <bean id="attributeSource"
      class="org.springframework.jmx.export.metadata.AttributesJmxAttributeSource"/>

</beans>]]></programlisting>

      <para>If no <literal>objectName</literal> has been provided for
      the <classname>ManagedResource</classname> attribute, then an
      <classname>ObjectName</classname> will be created with the
      following format:
      <emphasis>[fully-qualified-package-name]:type=[short-classname],name=[bean-name]</emphasis>.
      For example, the generated <classname>ObjectName</classname> for the
      following bean would be: <emphasis>com.foo:type=MyClass,name=myBean</emphasis>.
      </para>

      <programlisting language="xml"><![CDATA[<bean id="myBean" class="com.foo.MyClass"/>]]></programlisting>

    </section>

    <section id="jmx-context-mbeanexport">
      <title>The <literal>&lt;context:mbean-export/&gt;</literal> element</title>
      <para>If you are using at least Java 5, then a convenience subclass of
      <classname>MBeanExporter</classname> is available:
      <classname>AnnotationMBeanExporter</classname>.
      When defining an instance of this subclass, the <literal>namingStrategy</literal>,
      <literal>assembler</literal>, and <literal>attributeSource</literal>
      configuration is no longer needed, since it will always use standard Java
      annotation-based metadata (autodetection is always enabled as well). In fact,
      an even simpler syntax is supported with the inclusion of Spring's
      '<literal>context</literal>' namespace in Spring 2.5. Rather than defining an
      <classname>MBeanExporter</classname> bean, provide this single element:</para>

      <programlisting language="xml"><![CDATA[<context:mbean-export/>]]></programlisting>

      <para>You can provide a reference to a particular MBean server if
      necessary, and the <literal>defaultDomain</literal> attribute
      (a property of <classname>AnnotationMBeanExporter</classname>)
      accepts an alternate value for the generated MBean
      <classname>ObjectNames</classname>' domains. This would be used
      in place of the fully qualified package name as described in the
      previous section on
      <link linkend="jmx-naming-metadata"><classname>MetadataNamingStrategy</classname></link>.
      </para>

      <programlisting language="xml"><![CDATA[<context:mbean-export server="myMBeanServer" default-domain="myDomain"/>]]></programlisting>.

      <note>
        <para>Do not use interface-based AOP proxies in combination with autodetection of
        JMX annotations in your bean classes. Interface-based proxies 'hide' the target class,
        which also hides the JMX managed resource annotations. Hence, use target-class proxies
        in that case: through setting the 'proxy-target-class' flag on <literal>&lt;aop:config/&gt;</literal>,
        <literal>&lt;tx:annotation-driven/&gt;</literal>, etc. Otherwise, your JMX beans
        might be silently ignored at startup...</para>
      </note>

    </section>
  </section>

  <section id="jmx-jsr160">
    <title>JSR-160 Connectors</title>

    <para>For remote access, Spring JMX module offers two
    <classname>FactoryBean</classname> implementations inside the
    <literal>org.springframework.jmx.support</literal> package for creating
    both server- and client-side connectors.</para>

    <section id="jmx-jsr160-server">
      <title>Server-side Connectors</title>

      <para>To have Spring JMX create, start and expose a JSR-160
      <classname>JMXConnectorServer</classname> use the following
      configuration:</para>

      <programlisting language="xml">&lt;bean id="serverConnector" class="org.springframework.jmx.support.ConnectorServerFactoryBean"/&gt;</programlisting>

      <para>By default <literal>ConnectorServerFactoryBean</literal> creates a
      <classname>JMXConnectorServer</classname> bound to
      <literal>"service:jmx:jmxmp://localhost:9875"</literal>. The
      <literal>serverConnector</literal> bean thus exposes the local
      <interfacename>MBeanServer</interfacename> to clients through the JMXMP protocol
      on localhost, port 9875. Note that the JMXMP protocol is marked as
      optional by the JSR 160 specification: currently, the main open-source
      JMX implementation, MX4J, and the one provided with J2SE 5.0 do
      <emphasis>not</emphasis> support JMXMP.</para>

      <para>To specify another URL and register the
      <classname>JMXConnectorServer</classname> itself with the
      <interfacename>MBeanServer</interfacename> use the <literal>serviceUrl</literal>
      and <classname>ObjectName</classname> properties respectively:</para>

      <programlisting language="xml"><![CDATA[<bean id="serverConnector"
      class="org.springframework.jmx.support.ConnectorServerFactoryBean">
  <property name="objectName" value="connector:name=rmi"/>
  <property name="serviceUrl" 
            value="service:jmx:rmi://localhost/jndi/rmi://localhost:1099/myconnector"/>
</bean>]]></programlisting>

      <para>If the <classname>ObjectName</classname> property is set Spring
      will automatically register your connector with the
      <interfacename>MBeanServer</interfacename> under that
      <classname>ObjectName</classname>. The example below shows the full set
      of parameters which you can pass to the
      <classname>ConnectorServerFactoryBean</classname> when creating a
      JMXConnector:</para>

      <programlisting language="xml"><![CDATA[<bean id="serverConnector"
      class="org.springframework.jmx.support.ConnectorServerFactoryBean">
  <property name="objectName" value="connector:name=iiop"/>
  <property name="serviceUrl" 
               value="service:jmx:iiop://localhost/jndi/iiop://localhost:900/myconnector"/>
  <property name="threaded" value="true"/>
  <property name="daemon" value="true"/>
  <property name="environment">
    <map>
      <entry key="someKey" value="someValue"/>
    </map>
  </property>
</bean>]]></programlisting>

      <para>Note that when using a RMI-based connector you need the lookup
      service (tnameserv or rmiregistry) to be started in order for the name
      registration to complete. If you are using Spring to export remote
      services for you via RMI, then Spring will already have constructed an
      RMI registry. If not, you can easily start a registry using the
      following snippet of configuration:</para>

      <programlisting language="xml"><![CDATA[<bean id="registry" class="org.springframework.remoting.rmi.RmiRegistryFactoryBean">
  <property name="port" value="1099"/>
</bean>]]></programlisting>
    </section>

    <section id="jmx-jsr160-client">
      <title>Client-side Connectors</title>

      <para>To create an <classname>MBeanServerConnection</classname> to a
      remote JSR-160 enabled <interfacename>MBeanServer</interfacename> use the
      <classname>MBeanServerConnectionFactoryBean</classname> as shown
      below:</para>

      <programlisting language="xml"><![CDATA[<bean id="clientConnector" class="org.springframework.jmx.support.MBeanServerConnectionFactoryBean">
  <property name="serviceUrl" value="service:jmx:rmi://localhost:9875"/>
</bean>]]></programlisting>
    </section>

    <section id="jmx-jsr160-protocols">
      <title>JMX over Burlap/Hessian/SOAP</title>

      <para>JSR-160 permits extensions to the way in which communication is
      done between the client and the server. The examples above are using the
      mandatory RMI-based implementation required by the JSR-160 specification
      (IIOP and JRMP) and the (optional) JMXMP. By using other providers or
      JMX implementations (such as <ulink
      url="http://mx4j.sourceforge.net">MX4J</ulink>) you can take advantage
      of protocols like SOAP, Hessian, Burlap over simple HTTP or SSL and
      others:</para>

      <programlisting language="xml"><![CDATA[<bean id="serverConnector" class="org.springframework.jmx.support.ConnectorServerFactoryBean">
  <property name="objectName" value="connector:name=burlap"/>
  <property name="serviceUrl" value="service:jmx:burlap://localhost:9874"/>
</bean>]]></programlisting>

      <para>In the case of the above example, MX4J 3.0.0 was used; see the
      official MX4J documentation for more information.</para>
    </section>
  </section>

  <section id="jmx-proxy">
    <title>Accessing MBeans via Proxies</title>

    <para>Spring JMX allows you to create proxies that re-route calls to
    MBeans registered in a local or remote <interfacename>MBeanServer</interfacename>.
    These proxies provide you with a standard Java interface through which you
    can interact with your MBeans. The code below shows how to configure a
    proxy for an MBean running in a local
    <interfacename>MBeanServer</interfacename>:</para>

    <programlisting language="xml"><![CDATA[<bean id="proxy" class="org.springframework.jmx.access.MBeanProxyFactoryBean">
    <property name="objectName" value="bean:name=testBean"/>
    <property name="proxyInterface" value="org.springframework.jmx.IJmxTestBean"/>
</bean>]]></programlisting>

    <para>Here you can see that a proxy is created for the MBean registered
    under the <classname>ObjectName</classname>:
    <literal>bean:name=testBean</literal>. The set of interfaces that the
    proxy will implement is controlled by the
    <literal>proxyInterfaces</literal> property and the rules for mapping
    methods and properties on these interfaces to operations and attributes on
    the MBean are the same rules used by the
    <classname>InterfaceBasedMBeanInfoAssembler</classname>.</para>

    <para>The <classname>MBeanProxyFactoryBean</classname> can create a proxy
    to any MBean that is accessible via an
    <classname>MBeanServerConnection</classname>. By default, the local
    <interfacename>MBeanServer</interfacename> is located and used, but you can
    override this and provide an <classname>MBeanServerConnection</classname>
    pointing to a remote <interfacename>MBeanServer</interfacename> to cater for
    proxies pointing to remote MBeans:</para>

    <programlisting language="xml"><![CDATA[<bean id="clientConnector"
      class="org.springframework.jmx.support.MBeanServerConnectionFactoryBean">
  <property name="serviceUrl" value="service:jmx:rmi://remotehost:9875"/>
</bean>

<bean id="proxy" class="org.springframework.jmx.access.MBeanProxyFactoryBean">
  <property name="objectName" value="bean:name=testBean"/>
  <property name="proxyInterface" value="org.springframework.jmx.IJmxTestBean"/>
  <property name="server" ref="clientConnector"/>
</bean>]]></programlisting>

    <para>Here you can see that we create an
    <classname>MBeanServerConnection</classname> pointing to a remote machine
    using the <classname>MBeanServerConnectionFactoryBean</classname>. This
    <classname>MBeanServerConnection</classname> is then passed to the
    <classname>MBeanProxyFactoryBean</classname> via the
    <literal>server</literal> property. The proxy that is created will forward
    all invocations to the <interfacename>MBeanServer</interfacename> via this
    <classname>MBeanServerConnection</classname>.</para>
  </section>

  <section id="jmx-notifications">
    <title>Notifications</title>

    <para>Spring's JMX offering includes comprehensive support for JMX
    notifications.</para>

    <section id="jmx-notifications-listeners">
      <title>Registering Listeners for Notifications</title>

      <para>Spring's JMX support makes it very easy to register any number of
      <classname>NotificationListeners</classname> with any number of MBeans
      (this includes MBeans exported by Spring's
      <classname>MBeanExporter</classname> and MBeans registered via some
      other mechanism). By way of an example, consider the scenario where one
	  would like to be informed (via a <classname>Notification</classname>)
	  each and every time an attribute of a target MBean changes.</para>

      <programlisting language="java"><![CDATA[package com.example;

import javax.management.AttributeChangeNotification;
import javax.management.Notification;
import javax.management.NotificationFilter;
import javax.management.NotificationListener;

public class ConsoleLoggingNotificationListener
               implements NotificationListener, NotificationFilter {

    public void handleNotification(Notification notification, Object handback) {
        System.out.println(notification);
        System.out.println(handback);
    }

    public boolean isNotificationEnabled(Notification notification) {
        return AttributeChangeNotification.class.isAssignableFrom(notification.getClass());
    }
}]]></programlisting>

      <programlisting language="xml"><![CDATA[<beans>

  <bean id="exporter" class="org.springframework.jmx.export.MBeanExporter">
    <property name="beans">
      <map>
        <entry key="bean:name=testBean1" value-ref="testBean"/>
      </map>
    </property>
    <property name="notificationListenerMappings">
      <map>
        <entry key="bean:name=testBean1">
          <bean class="com.example.ConsoleLoggingNotificationListener"/>
        </entry>
      </map>
    </property>
  </bean>

  <bean id="testBean" class="org.springframework.jmx.JmxTestBean">
    <property name="name" value="TEST"/>
    <property name="age" value="100"/>
  </bean>

</beans>]]></programlisting>

		<para>With the above configuration in place, every time a JMX
		<classname>Notification</classname> is broadcast from the target MBean
		(<literal>bean:name=testBean1</literal>), the
		<classname>ConsoleLoggingNotificationListener</classname> bean that was
		registered as a listener via the
		<literal>notificationListenerMappings</literal> property will be
		notified. The <classname>ConsoleLoggingNotificationListener</classname>
		bean can then take whatever action it deems appropriate in response to
		the <classname>Notification</classname>.</para>

		<para>You can also use straight bean names as the link between exported beans
		and listeners:</para>

		<programlisting language="xml"><![CDATA[<beans>

  <bean id="exporter" class="org.springframework.jmx.export.MBeanExporter">
    <property name="beans">
      <map>
        <entry key="bean:name=testBean1" value-ref="testBean"/>
      </map>
    </property>
    <property name="notificationListenerMappings">
      <map>
        <entry key="]]><emphasis role="bold">testBean</emphasis><![CDATA[">
          <bean class="com.example.ConsoleLoggingNotificationListener"/>
        </entry>
      </map>
    </property>
  </bean>

  <bean id="]]><emphasis role="bold">testBean</emphasis><![CDATA[" class="org.springframework.jmx.JmxTestBean">
    <property name="name" value="TEST"/>
    <property name="age" value="100"/>
  </bean>

</beans>]]></programlisting>

		<para>If one wants to register a single <classname>NotificationListener</classname>
		instance for all of the beans that the enclosing <classname>MBeanExporter</classname>
		is exporting, one can use the special wildcard <literal>'*'</literal> (sans quotes)
		as the key for an entry in the <literal>notificationListenerMappings</literal>
		property map; for example:</para>

		<programlisting language="xml"><![CDATA[<property name="notificationListenerMappings">
  <map>
    <entry key="*">
      <bean class="com.example.ConsoleLoggingNotificationListener"/>
    </entry>
  </map>
</property>]]></programlisting>

      <para>If one needs to do the inverse (that is, register a number of distinct
      listeners against an MBean), then one has to use the
      <literal>notificationListeners</literal> list property instead (and in
      preference to the <literal>notificationListenerMappings</literal>
      property). This time, instead of configuring simply a
      <classname>NotificationListener</classname> for a single MBean, one
      configures <classname>NotificationListenerBean</classname> instances...
      a <classname>NotificationListenerBean</classname> encapsulates a
      <classname>NotificationListener</classname> and the
      <classname>ObjectName</classname> (or
      <classname>ObjectNames</classname>) that it is to be registered against
      in an <interfacename>MBeanServer</interfacename>. The
      <classname>NotificationListenerBean</classname> also encapsulates a
      number of other properties such as a
      <classname>NotificationFilter</classname> and an arbitrary handback
      object that can be used in advanced JMX notification scenarios.</para>

      <para>The configuration when using
      <classname>NotificationListenerBean</classname> instances is not wildly
      different to what was presented previously:</para>

      <programlisting language="xml"><![CDATA[<beans>

  <bean id="exporter" class="org.springframework.jmx.export.MBeanExporter">
    <property name="beans">
      <map>
        <entry key="bean:name=testBean1" value-ref="testBean"/>
      </map>
    </property>
    <property name="notificationListeners">
        <list>
            <bean class="org.springframework.jmx.export.NotificationListenerBean">
                <constructor-arg>
                    <bean class="com.example.ConsoleLoggingNotificationListener"/>
                </constructor-arg>
                <property name="mappedObjectNames">
                    <list>
                        <value>bean:name=testBean1</value>
                    </list>
                </property>
            </bean>
        </list>
    </property>
  </bean>

  <bean id="testBean" class="org.springframework.jmx.JmxTestBean">
    <property name="name" value="TEST"/>
    <property name="age" value="100"/>
  </bean>

</beans>]]></programlisting>

      <para>The above example is equivalent to the first notification example.
      Lets assume then that we want to be given a handback object every time a
      <classname>Notification</classname> is raised, and that additionally we
      want to filter out extraneous <classname>Notifications</classname> by
      supplying a <classname>NotificationFilter</classname>. (For a full
      discussion of just what a handback object is, and indeed what a
      <classname>NotificationFilter</classname> is, please do consult that
      section of the JMX specification (1.2) entitled <literal>'The JMX
      Notification Model'</literal>.)</para>

      <programlisting language="xml"><![CDATA[<beans>

  <bean id="exporter" class="org.springframework.jmx.export.MBeanExporter">
    <property name="beans">
      <map>
        <entry key="bean:name=testBean1" value-ref="testBean1"/>
        <entry key="bean:name=testBean2" value-ref="testBean2"/>
      </map>
    </property>
    <property name="notificationListeners">
        <list>
            <bean class="org.springframework.jmx.export.NotificationListenerBean">
                <constructor-arg ref="customerNotificationListener"/>
                <property name="mappedObjectNames">
                    <list>
                        ]]><lineannotation>&lt;!-- handles notifications from two distinct MBeans --&gt;</lineannotation><![CDATA[
                        <value>bean:name=testBean1</value>
                        <value>bean:name=testBean2</value>
                    </list>
                </property>
                <property name="handback">
                    <bean class="java.lang.String">
                        <constructor-arg value="This could be anything..."/>
                    </bean>
                </property>
                <property name="notificationFilter" ref="customerNotificationListener"/>
            </bean>
        </list>
    </property>
  </bean>
  
  ]]><lineannotation>&lt;!-- implements both the <interfacename>NotificationListener</interfacename> and <interfacename>NotificationFilter</interfacename> interfaces --&gt;</lineannotation><![CDATA[
  <bean id="customerNotificationListener" class="com.example.ConsoleLoggingNotificationListener"/>

  <bean id="testBean1" class="org.springframework.jmx.JmxTestBean">
    <property name="name" value="TEST"/>
    <property name="age" value="100"/>
  </bean>

  <bean id="testBean2" class="org.springframework.jmx.JmxTestBean">
    <property name="name" value="ANOTHER TEST"/>
    <property name="age" value="200"/>
  </bean>

</beans>]]></programlisting>
    </section>

    <section id="jmx-notifications-publishing">
      <title>Publishing Notifications</title>

      <para>Spring provides support not just for registering to receive
      <classname>Notifications</classname>, but also for publishing
      <classname>Notifications</classname>.</para>

      <note>
        <para>Please note that this section is really only relevant to Spring
        managed beans that have been exposed as MBeans via an
        <classname>MBeanExporter</classname>; any existing, user-defined
        MBeans should use the standard JMX APIs for notification publication.</para>
      </note>

      <para>The key interface in Spring's JMX notification publication support
      is the <classname>NotificationPublisher</classname> interface (defined
      in the <literal>org.springframework.jmx.export.notification</literal>
      package). Any bean that is going to be exported as an MBean via an
      <classname>MBeanExporter</classname> instance can implement the related
      <classname>NotificationPublisherAware</classname> interface to gain
      access to a <classname>NotificationPublisher</classname> instance. The
      <classname>NotificationPublisherAware</classname> interface simply
      supplies an instance of a <classname>NotificationPublisher</classname>
      to the implementing bean via a simple setter method, which the bean can
      then use to publish <classname>Notifications</classname>.</para>

      <para>As stated in the Javadoc for the
      <classname>NotificationPublisher</classname> class, managed beans that
      are publishing events via the
      <classname>NotificationPublisher</classname> mechanism are
      <emphasis>not</emphasis> responsible for the state management of any
      notification listeners and the like ... Spring's JMX support will take
      care of handling all the JMX infrastructure issues. All one need do as
      an application developer is implement the
      <classname>NotificationPublisherAware</classname> interface and start
      publishing events using the supplied
      <classname>NotificationPublisher</classname> instance. Note that the
      <classname>NotificationPublisher</classname> will be set
      <emphasis>after</emphasis> the managed bean has been registered with an
      <interfacename>MBeanServer</interfacename>.</para>

      <para>Using a <classname>NotificationPublisher</classname> instance is
      quite straightforward... one simply creates a JMX
      <classname>Notification</classname> instance (or an instance of an
      appropriate <classname>Notification</classname> subclass), populates
      the notification with the data pertinent to the event that is to be
      published, and one then invokes the
      <methodname>sendNotification(Notification)</methodname> on the
      <classname>NotificationPublisher</classname> instance, passing in the
      <classname>Notification</classname>.</para>

      <para>Find below a simple example... in this scenario, exported
      instances of the <classname>JmxTestBean</classname> are going to publish
      a <classname>NotificationEvent</classname> every time the
      <literal>add(int, int)</literal> operation is invoked.</para>

      <programlisting language="java"><![CDATA[package org.springframework.jmx;
			
import org.springframework.jmx.export.notification.NotificationPublisherAware;
import org.springframework.jmx.export.notification.NotificationPublisher;
import javax.management.Notification;

public class JmxTestBean implements IJmxTestBean, NotificationPublisherAware {

    private String name;
    private int age;
    private boolean isSuperman;
    private NotificationPublisher publisher;

    ]]><lineannotation>// other getters and setters omitted for clarity</lineannotation><![CDATA[

    public int add(int x, int y) {
        int answer = x + y;
        this.publisher.sendNotification(new Notification("add", this, 0));
        return answer;
    }

    public void dontExposeMe() {
        throw new RuntimeException();
    }
    
    public void setNotificationPublisher(NotificationPublisher notificationPublisher) {
        this.publisher = notificationPublisher;
    }
}]]></programlisting>

      <para>The <classname>NotificationPublisher</classname> interface and the
      machinery to get it all working is one of the nicer features of Spring's JMX support.
	  It does however come with the price tag of coupling your classes to both Spring and JMX; as
	  always, the advice here is to be pragmatic... if you need the functionality offered by the
      <classname>NotificationPublisher</classname> and you can accept the coupling to both Spring
	  and JMX, then do so.</para>
    </section>
  </section>

  <section id="jmx-resources">
    <title>Further Resources</title>

    <para>This section contains links to further resources about JMX.</para>

    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>The <ulink url="http://java.sun.com/products/JavaManagement/">JMX homepage</ulink> at Sun</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para>The <ulink url="http://jcp.org/aboutJava/communityprocess/final/jsr003/index3.html">JMX specification</ulink> (JSR-000003)</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para>The <ulink url="http://jcp.org/aboutJava/communityprocess/final/jsr160/index.html">JMX Remote API specification</ulink> (JSR-000160)</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para>The <ulink url="http://mx4j.sourceforge.net/">MX4J
        homepage</ulink> (an Open Source implementation of various JMX
        specs)</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para><ulink url="http://java.sun.com/developer/technicalArticles/J2SE/jmx.html">Getting Started with JMX</ulink> - an introductory article from Sun.</para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
  </section>
</chapter>
