diff --git a/packages/compiler-core/__tests__/transforms/vBind.spec.ts b/packages/compiler-core/__tests__/transforms/vBind.spec.ts
index 84b9ee8ca..be063b8a9 100644
--- a/packages/compiler-core/__tests__/transforms/vBind.spec.ts
+++ b/packages/compiler-core/__tests__/transforms/vBind.spec.ts
@@ -408,4 +408,22 @@ describe('compiler: transform v-bind', () => {
       },
     })
   })
+
+  test('error on invalid argument for same-name shorthand', () => {
+    const onError = vi.fn()
+    parseWithVBind(`<div v-bind:[arg] />`, { onError })
+    expect(onError.mock.calls[0][0]).toMatchObject({
+      code: ErrorCodes.X_V_BIND_INVALID_SAME_NAME_ARGUMENT,
+      loc: {
+        start: {
+          line: 1,
+          column: 13,
+        },
+        end: {
+          line: 1,
+          column: 18,
+        },
+      },
+    })
+  })
 })
diff --git a/packages/compiler-core/src/errors.ts b/packages/compiler-core/src/errors.ts
index 6728a80d4..cd6a443c5 100644
--- a/packages/compiler-core/src/errors.ts
+++ b/packages/compiler-core/src/errors.ts
@@ -78,6 +78,7 @@ export enum ErrorCodes {
   X_V_FOR_MALFORMED_EXPRESSION,
   X_V_FOR_TEMPLATE_KEY_PLACEMENT,
   X_V_BIND_NO_EXPRESSION,
+  X_V_BIND_INVALID_SAME_NAME_ARGUMENT,
   X_V_ON_NO_EXPRESSION,
   X_V_SLOT_UNEXPECTED_DIRECTIVE_ON_SLOT_OUTLET,
   X_V_SLOT_MIXED_SLOT_USAGE,
@@ -156,6 +157,7 @@ export const errorMessages: Record<ErrorCodes, string> = {
   [ErrorCodes.X_V_FOR_MALFORMED_EXPRESSION]: `v-for has invalid expression.`,
   [ErrorCodes.X_V_FOR_TEMPLATE_KEY_PLACEMENT]: `<template v-for> key should be placed on the <template> tag.`,
   [ErrorCodes.X_V_BIND_NO_EXPRESSION]: `v-bind is missing expression.`,
+  [ErrorCodes.X_V_BIND_INVALID_SAME_NAME_ARGUMENT]: `v-bind with same-name shorthand only allows static argument.`,
   [ErrorCodes.X_V_ON_NO_EXPRESSION]: `v-on is missing expression.`,
   [ErrorCodes.X_V_SLOT_UNEXPECTED_DIRECTIVE_ON_SLOT_OUTLET]: `Unexpected custom directive on <slot> outlet.`,
   [ErrorCodes.X_V_SLOT_MIXED_SLOT_USAGE]:
diff --git a/packages/compiler-core/src/transforms/vBind.ts b/packages/compiler-core/src/transforms/vBind.ts
index d12177549..234cf1fbc 100644
--- a/packages/compiler-core/src/transforms/vBind.ts
+++ b/packages/compiler-core/src/transforms/vBind.ts
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import type { DirectiveTransform } from '../transform'
 import {
   type ExpressionNode,
   NodeTypes,
+  type SimpleExpressionNode,
   createObjectProperty,
   createSimpleExpression,
 } from '../ast'
@@ -17,10 +18,45 @@ export const transformBind: DirectiveTransform = (dir, _node, context) => {
   const { modifiers, loc } = dir
   const arg = dir.arg!
 
-  // :arg is replaced by :arg="arg"
   let { exp } = dir
-  if (!exp && arg.type === NodeTypes.SIMPLE_EXPRESSION) {
-    const propName = camelize(arg.content)
+
+  // handle empty expression
+  if (exp && exp.type === NodeTypes.SIMPLE_EXPRESSION && !exp.content.trim()) {
+    if (!__BROWSER__) {
+      // #10280 only error against empty expression in non-browser build
+      // because :foo in in-DOM templates will be parsed into :foo="" by the
+      // browser
+      context.onError(
+        createCompilerError(ErrorCodes.X_V_BIND_NO_EXPRESSION, loc),
+      )
+      return {
+        props: [
+          createObjectProperty(arg, createSimpleExpression('', true, loc)),
+        ],
+      }
+    } else {
+      exp = undefined
+    }
+  }
+
+  // same-name shorthand - :arg is expanded to :arg="arg"
+  if (!exp) {
+    if (arg.type !== NodeTypes.SIMPLE_EXPRESSION || !arg.isStatic) {
+      // only simple expression is allowed for same-name shorthand
+      context.onError(
+        createCompilerError(
+          ErrorCodes.X_V_BIND_INVALID_SAME_NAME_ARGUMENT,
+          arg.loc,
+        ),
+      )
+      return {
+        props: [
+          createObjectProperty(arg, createSimpleExpression('', true, loc)),
+        ],
+      }
+    }
+
+    const propName = camelize((arg as SimpleExpressionNode).content)
     exp = dir.exp = createSimpleExpression(propName, false, arg.loc)
     if (!__BROWSER__) {
       exp = dir.exp = processExpression(exp, context)
@@ -57,16 +93,6 @@ export const transformBind: DirectiveTransform = (dir, _node, context) => {
     }
   }
 
-  if (
-    !exp ||
-    (exp.type === NodeTypes.SIMPLE_EXPRESSION && !exp.content.trim())
-  ) {
-    context.onError(createCompilerError(ErrorCodes.X_V_BIND_NO_EXPRESSION, loc))
-    return {
-      props: [createObjectProperty(arg, createSimpleExpression('', true, loc))],
-    }
-  }
-
   return {
     props: [createObjectProperty(arg, exp)],
   }
diff --git a/packages/runtime-core/__tests__/apiCreateApp.spec.ts b/packages/runtime-core/__tests__/apiCreateApp.spec.ts
index f8dcd6aee..05e51e43b 100644
--- a/packages/runtime-core/__tests__/apiCreateApp.spec.ts
+++ b/packages/runtime-core/__tests__/apiCreateApp.spec.ts
@@ -123,6 +123,13 @@ describe('api: createApp', () => {
 
     expect(app.runWithContext(() => inject('foo'))).toBe(1)
 
+    expect(
+      app.runWithContext(() => {
+        app.runWithContext(() => {})
+        return inject('foo')
+      }),
+    ).toBe(1)
+
     // ensure the context is restored
     inject('foo')
     expect('inject() can only be used inside setup').toHaveBeenWarned()
diff --git a/packages/runtime-core/src/apiCreateApp.ts b/packages/runtime-core/src/apiCreateApp.ts
index 7da2bfb13..f4754fdb7 100644
--- a/packages/runtime-core/src/apiCreateApp.ts
+++ b/packages/runtime-core/src/apiCreateApp.ts
@@ -386,11 +386,12 @@ export function createAppAPI<HostElement>(
       },
 
       runWithContext(fn) {
+        const lastApp = currentApp
         currentApp = app
         try {
           return fn()
         } finally {
-          currentApp = null
+          currentApp = lastApp
         }
       },
     })
diff --git a/packages/runtime-core/src/rendererTemplateRef.ts b/packages/runtime-core/src/rendererTemplateRef.ts
index 7f991bc9f..b652edeac 100644
--- a/packages/runtime-core/src/rendererTemplateRef.ts
+++ b/packages/runtime-core/src/rendererTemplateRef.ts
@@ -81,10 +81,9 @@ export function setRef(
   } else {
     const _isString = isString(ref)
     const _isRef = isRef(ref)
-    const isVFor = rawRef.f
     if (_isString || _isRef) {
       const doSet = () => {
-        if (isVFor) {
+        if (rawRef.f) {
           const existing = _isString
             ? hasOwn(setupState, ref)
               ? setupState[ref]
@@ -119,15 +118,14 @@ export function setRef(
           warn('Invalid template ref type:', ref, `(${typeof ref})`)
         }
       }
-      // #9908 ref on v-for mutates the same array for both mount and unmount
-      // and should be done together
-      if (isUnmount || isVFor) {
-        doSet()
-      } else {
-        // #1789: set new refs in a post job so that they don't get overwritten
-        // by unmounting ones.
+      if (value) {
+        // #1789: for non-null values, set them after render
+        // null values means this is unmount and it should not overwrite another
+        // ref with the same key
         ;(doSet as SchedulerJob).id = -1
         queuePostRenderEffect(doSet, parentSuspense)
+      } else {
+        doSet()
       }
     } else if (__DEV__) {
       warn('Invalid template ref type:', ref, `(${typeof ref})`)
diff --git a/packages/runtime-dom/__tests__/directives/vShow.spec.ts b/packages/runtime-dom/__tests__/directives/vShow.spec.ts
index 70b69f2df..0c299b51b 100644
--- a/packages/runtime-dom/__tests__/directives/vShow.spec.ts
+++ b/packages/runtime-dom/__tests__/directives/vShow.spec.ts
@@ -211,4 +211,69 @@ describe('runtime-dom: v-show directive', () => {
     await nextTick()
     expect($div.style.display).toEqual('')
   })
+
+  // #10151
+  test('should respect the display value when v-show value is true', async () => {
+    const isVisible = ref(false)
+    const useDisplayStyle = ref(true)
+    const compStyle = ref({
+      display: 'none',
+    })
+    const withoutDisplayStyle = {
+      margin: '10px',
+    }
+
+    const Component = {
+      setup() {
+        return () => {
+          return withVShow(
+            h('div', {
+              style: useDisplayStyle.value
+                ? compStyle.value
+                : withoutDisplayStyle,
+            }),
+            isVisible.value,
+          )
+        }
+      },
+    }
+    render(h(Component), root)
+
+    const $div = root.children[0]
+
+    expect($div.style.display).toEqual('none')
+
+    isVisible.value = true
+    await nextTick()
+    expect($div.style.display).toEqual('none')
+
+    compStyle.value.display = 'block'
+    await nextTick()
+    expect($div.style.display).toEqual('block')
+
+    compStyle.value.display = 'inline-block'
+    await nextTick()
+    expect($div.style.display).toEqual('inline-block')
+
+    isVisible.value = false
+    await nextTick()
+    expect($div.style.display).toEqual('none')
+
+    isVisible.value = true
+    await nextTick()
+    expect($div.style.display).toEqual('inline-block')
+
+    useDisplayStyle.value = false
+    await nextTick()
+    expect($div.style.display).toEqual('')
+    expect(getComputedStyle($div).display).toEqual('block')
+
+    isVisible.value = false
+    await nextTick()
+    expect($div.style.display).toEqual('none')
+
+    isVisible.value = true
+    await nextTick()
+    expect($div.style.display).toEqual('')
+  })
 })
diff --git a/packages/runtime-dom/src/directives/vShow.ts b/packages/runtime-dom/src/directives/vShow.ts
index 2ab25136e..d8aab92e7 100644
--- a/packages/runtime-dom/src/directives/vShow.ts
+++ b/packages/runtime-dom/src/directives/vShow.ts
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ export const vShow: ObjectDirective<VShowElement> & { name?: 'show' } = {
     }
   },
   updated(el, { value, oldValue }, { transition }) {
-    if (!value === !oldValue) return
+    if (!value === !oldValue && el.style.display === el[vShowOldKey]) return
     if (transition) {
       if (value) {
         transition.beforeEnter(el)
diff --git a/packages/runtime-dom/src/modules/style.ts b/packages/runtime-dom/src/modules/style.ts
index 6341c8a12..ef2c55dbb 100644
--- a/packages/runtime-dom/src/modules/style.ts
+++ b/packages/runtime-dom/src/modules/style.ts
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@ export function patchStyle(el: Element, prev: Style, next: Style) {
   // so we always keep the current `display` value regardless of the `style`
   // value, thus handing over control to `v-show`.
   if (vShowOldKey in el) {
+    el[vShowOldKey] = style.display
     style.display = currentDisplay
   }
 }