diff --git a/packages/runtime-dom/src/index.ts b/packages/runtime-dom/src/index.ts
index dd9d7c31b..e687f1da7 100644
--- a/packages/runtime-dom/src/index.ts
+++ b/packages/runtime-dom/src/index.ts
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
 import { createRenderer, VNode } from '@vue/runtime-core'
-import { DOMRendererOptions } from './rendererOptions'
+import { nodeOps } from './nodeOps'
+import { patchProp } from './patchProp'
 
-export const render = createRenderer(DOMRendererOptions) as (
-  vnode: VNode | null,
-  container: HTMLElement
-) => VNode
+export const render = createRenderer({
+  patchProp,
+  ...nodeOps
+}) as (vnode: VNode | null, container: HTMLElement) => VNode
 
 // re-export everything from core
 // h, Component, observer API, nextTick, flags & types
diff --git a/packages/runtime-dom/src/rendererOptions.ts b/packages/runtime-dom/src/nodeOps.ts
similarity index 84%
rename from packages/runtime-dom/src/rendererOptions.ts
rename to packages/runtime-dom/src/nodeOps.ts
index af2325d05..9316571f9 100644
--- a/packages/runtime-dom/src/rendererOptions.ts
+++ b/packages/runtime-dom/src/nodeOps.ts
@@ -1,12 +1,7 @@
-import { RendererOptions } from '@vue/runtime-core'
-import { patchProp } from './patchProp'
-
 const doc = document
 const svgNS = 'http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'
 
-export const DOMRendererOptions: RendererOptions = {
-  patchProp,
-
+export const nodeOps = {
   insert: (child: Node, parent: Node, anchor?: Node) => {
     if (anchor != null) {
       parent.insertBefore(child, anchor)
@@ -16,7 +11,6 @@ export const DOMRendererOptions: RendererOptions = {
   },
 
   remove: (child: Node) => {
-    if (!child) debugger
     const parent = child.parentNode
     if (parent != null) {
       parent.removeChild(child)
diff --git a/packages/runtime-test/__tests__/testRuntime.spec.ts b/packages/runtime-test/__tests__/testRuntime.spec.ts
index ad7c421e5..ce0b8c83f 100644
--- a/packages/runtime-test/__tests__/testRuntime.spec.ts
+++ b/packages/runtime-test/__tests__/testRuntime.spec.ts
@@ -1,36 +1,32 @@
 import {
-  h,
+  createVNode as h,
   render,
-  Component,
   nodeOps,
   NodeTypes,
   TestElement,
-  TestText,
-  dumpOps,
-  NodeOpTypes,
-  nextTick,
-  observable,
-  resetOps,
-  serialize,
-  renderInstance,
-  triggerEvent
+  TestText
+  // dumpOps,
+  // NodeOpTypes,
+  // nextTick,
+  // state,
+  // resetOps,
+  // serialize,
+  // triggerEvent
 } from '../src'
 
 describe('test renderer', () => {
   it('should work', async () => {
-    class App extends Component {
-      render() {
-        return h(
-          'div',
-          {
-            id: 'test'
-          },
-          'hello'
-        )
-      }
-    }
     const root = nodeOps.createElement('div')
-    await render(h(App), root)
+    render(
+      h(
+        'div',
+        {
+          id: 'test'
+        },
+        'hello'
+      ),
+      root
+    )
 
     expect(root.children.length).toBe(1)
 
@@ -44,137 +40,137 @@ describe('test renderer', () => {
     expect(text.text).toBe('hello')
   })
 
-  it('should record ops', async () => {
-    const state = observable({
-      id: 'test',
-      text: 'hello'
-    })
+  //   it('should record ops', async () => {
+  //     const store = state({
+  //       id: 'test',
+  //       text: 'hello'
+  //     })
 
-    class App extends Component {
-      render() {
-        return h(
-          'div',
-          {
-            id: state.id
-          },
-          state.text
-        )
-      }
-    }
-    const root = nodeOps.createElement('div')
+  //     class App extends Component {
+  //       render() {
+  //         return h(
+  //           'div',
+  //           {
+  //             id: store.id
+  //           },
+  //           store.text
+  //         )
+  //       }
+  //     }
+  //     const root = nodeOps.createElement('div')
 
-    resetOps()
-    await render(h(App), root)
-    const ops = dumpOps()
+  //     resetOps()
+  //     await render(h(App), root)
+  //     const ops = dumpOps()
 
-    expect(ops.length).toBe(5)
+  //     expect(ops.length).toBe(5)
 
-    expect(ops[0]).toEqual({
-      type: NodeOpTypes.CREATE,
-      nodeType: NodeTypes.ELEMENT,
-      tag: 'div',
-      targetNode: root.children[0]
-    })
+  //     expect(ops[0]).toEqual({
+  //       type: NodeOpTypes.CREATE,
+  //       nodeType: NodeTypes.ELEMENT,
+  //       tag: 'div',
+  //       targetNode: root.children[0]
+  //     })
 
-    expect(ops[1]).toEqual({
-      type: NodeOpTypes.PATCH,
-      targetNode: root.children[0],
-      propKey: 'id',
-      propPrevValue: null,
-      propNextValue: 'test'
-    })
+  //     expect(ops[1]).toEqual({
+  //       type: NodeOpTypes.PATCH,
+  //       targetNode: root.children[0],
+  //       propKey: 'id',
+  //       propPrevValue: null,
+  //       propNextValue: 'test'
+  //     })
 
-    expect(ops[2]).toEqual({
-      type: NodeOpTypes.CREATE,
-      nodeType: NodeTypes.TEXT,
-      text: 'hello',
-      targetNode: (root.children[0] as TestElement).children[0]
-    })
+  //     expect(ops[2]).toEqual({
+  //       type: NodeOpTypes.CREATE,
+  //       nodeType: NodeTypes.TEXT,
+  //       text: 'hello',
+  //       targetNode: (root.children[0] as TestElement).children[0]
+  //     })
 
-    expect(ops[3]).toEqual({
-      type: NodeOpTypes.APPEND,
-      targetNode: (root.children[0] as TestElement).children[0],
-      parentNode: root.children[0]
-    })
+  //     expect(ops[3]).toEqual({
+  //       type: NodeOpTypes.APPEND,
+  //       targetNode: (root.children[0] as TestElement).children[0],
+  //       parentNode: root.children[0]
+  //     })
 
-    expect(ops[4]).toEqual({
-      type: NodeOpTypes.APPEND,
-      targetNode: root.children[0],
-      parentNode: root
-    })
+  //     expect(ops[4]).toEqual({
+  //       type: NodeOpTypes.APPEND,
+  //       targetNode: root.children[0],
+  //       parentNode: root
+  //     })
 
-    // test update ops
-    state.id = 'foo'
-    state.text = 'bar'
-    await nextTick()
+  //     // test update ops
+  //     store.id = 'foo'
+  //     store.text = 'bar'
+  //     await nextTick()
 
-    const updateOps = dumpOps()
-    expect(updateOps.length).toBe(2)
+  //     const updateOps = dumpOps()
+  //     expect(updateOps.length).toBe(2)
 
-    expect(updateOps[0]).toEqual({
-      type: NodeOpTypes.PATCH,
-      targetNode: root.children[0],
-      propKey: 'id',
-      propPrevValue: 'test',
-      propNextValue: 'foo'
-    })
+  //     expect(updateOps[0]).toEqual({
+  //       type: NodeOpTypes.PATCH,
+  //       targetNode: root.children[0],
+  //       propKey: 'id',
+  //       propPrevValue: 'test',
+  //       propNextValue: 'foo'
+  //     })
 
-    expect(updateOps[1]).toEqual({
-      type: NodeOpTypes.SET_TEXT,
-      targetNode: (root.children[0] as TestElement).children[0],
-      text: 'bar'
-    })
-  })
+  //     expect(updateOps[1]).toEqual({
+  //       type: NodeOpTypes.SET_TEXT,
+  //       targetNode: (root.children[0] as TestElement).children[0],
+  //       text: 'bar'
+  //     })
+  //   })
 
-  it('should be able to serialize nodes', async () => {
-    class App extends Component {
-      render() {
-        return h(
-          'div',
-          {
-            id: 'test'
-          },
-          [h('span', 'foo'), 'hello']
-        )
-      }
-    }
-    const root = nodeOps.createElement('div')
-    await render(h(App), root)
-    expect(serialize(root)).toEqual(
-      `<div><div id="test"><span>foo</span>hello</div></div>`
-    )
-    expect(serialize(root, 2)).toEqual(
-      `<div>
-  <div id="test">
-    <span>
-      foo
-    </span>
-    hello
-  </div>
-</div>`
-    )
-  })
+  //   it('should be able to serialize nodes', async () => {
+  //     class App extends Component {
+  //       render() {
+  //         return h(
+  //           'div',
+  //           {
+  //             id: 'test'
+  //           },
+  //           [h('span', 'foo'), 'hello']
+  //         )
+  //       }
+  //     }
+  //     const root = nodeOps.createElement('div')
+  //     await render(h(App), root)
+  //     expect(serialize(root)).toEqual(
+  //       `<div><div id="test"><span>foo</span>hello</div></div>`
+  //     )
+  //     expect(serialize(root, 2)).toEqual(
+  //       `<div>
+  //   <div id="test">
+  //     <span>
+  //       foo
+  //     </span>
+  //     hello
+  //   </div>
+  // </div>`
+  //     )
+  //   })
 
-  it('should be able to trigger events', async () => {
-    class App extends Component {
-      count = 0
-      inc() {
-        this.count++
-      }
-      render() {
-        return h(
-          'div',
-          {
-            onClick: this.inc
-          },
-          this.count
-        )
-      }
-    }
-    const app = await renderInstance(App)
-    triggerEvent(app.$el, 'click')
-    expect(app.count).toBe(1)
-    await nextTick()
-    expect(serialize(app.$el)).toBe(`<div>1</div>`)
-  })
+  //   it('should be able to trigger events', async () => {
+  //     class App extends Component {
+  //       count = 0
+  //       inc() {
+  //         this.count++
+  //       }
+  //       render() {
+  //         return h(
+  //           'div',
+  //           {
+  //             onClick: this.inc
+  //           },
+  //           this.count
+  //         )
+  //       }
+  //     }
+  //     const app = await renderInstance(App)
+  //     triggerEvent(app.$el, 'click')
+  //     expect(app.count).toBe(1)
+  //     await nextTick()
+  //     expect(serialize(app.$el)).toBe(`<div>1</div>`)
+  //   })
 })
diff --git a/packages/runtime-test/src/index.ts b/packages/runtime-test/src/index.ts
index 5e1d35a98..db8d0cad6 100644
--- a/packages/runtime-test/src/index.ts
+++ b/packages/runtime-test/src/index.ts
@@ -1,36 +1,11 @@
-import {
-  h,
-  createRenderer,
-  Component,
-  createComponentInstance
-} from '@vue/runtime-core'
+import { createRenderer, VNode } from '@vue/runtime-core'
 import { nodeOps, TestElement } from './nodeOps'
-import { patchData } from './patchData'
+import { patchProp } from './patchProp'
 
-const { render: _render } = createRenderer({
-  nodeOps,
-  patchData
-})
-
-type publicRender = (
-  node: {} | null,
-  container: TestElement
-) => Promise<Component | null>
-export const render = _render as publicRender
-
-export function createInstance<T extends Component>(
-  Class: new () => T,
-  props?: any
-): T {
-  return createComponentInstance(h(Class, props)).$proxy as any
-}
-
-export function renderInstance<T extends Component>(
-  Class: new () => T,
-  props?: any
-): Promise<T> {
-  return render(h(Class, props), nodeOps.createElement('div')) as any
-}
+export const render = createRenderer({
+  patchProp,
+  ...nodeOps
+}) as (node: VNode | null, container: TestElement) => VNode
 
 export { serialize } from './serialize'
 export { triggerEvent } from './triggerEvent'
diff --git a/packages/runtime-test/src/nodeOps.ts b/packages/runtime-test/src/nodeOps.ts
index 9b4e48462..926b36182 100644
--- a/packages/runtime-test/src/nodeOps.ts
+++ b/packages/runtime-test/src/nodeOps.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 export const enum NodeTypes {
   TEXT = 'text',
-  ELEMENT = 'element'
+  ELEMENT = 'element',
+  COMMENT = 'comment'
 }
 
 export interface TestElement {
@@ -20,15 +21,21 @@ export interface TestText {
   text: string
 }
 
-export type TestNode = TestElement | TestText
+export interface TestComment {
+  id: number
+  type: NodeTypes.COMMENT
+  parentNode: TestElement | null
+  text: string
+}
+
+export type TestNode = TestElement | TestText | TestComment
 
 export const enum NodeOpTypes {
   CREATE = 'create',
   INSERT = 'insert',
-  APPEND = 'append',
   REMOVE = 'remove',
   SET_TEXT = 'setText',
-  CLEAR = 'clearContent',
+  SET_ELEMENT_TEXT = 'setElementText',
   PATCH = 'patch'
 }
 
@@ -39,7 +46,7 @@ export interface NodeOp {
   text?: string
   targetNode?: TestNode
   parentNode?: TestElement
-  refNode?: TestNode
+  refNode?: TestNode | null
   propKey?: string
   propPrevValue?: any
   propNextValue?: any
@@ -97,6 +104,22 @@ function createText(text: string): TestText {
   return node
 }
 
+function createComment(text: string): TestComment {
+  const node: TestComment = {
+    id: nodeId++,
+    type: NodeTypes.COMMENT,
+    text,
+    parentNode: null
+  }
+  logNodeOp({
+    type: NodeOpTypes.CREATE,
+    nodeType: NodeTypes.COMMENT,
+    targetNode: node,
+    text
+  })
+  return node
+}
+
 function setText(node: TestText, text: string) {
   logNodeOp({
     type: NodeOpTypes.SET_TEXT,
@@ -106,28 +129,15 @@ function setText(node: TestText, text: string) {
   node.text = text
 }
 
-function appendChild(parent: TestElement, child: TestNode) {
-  logNodeOp({
-    type: NodeOpTypes.APPEND,
-    targetNode: child,
-    parentNode: parent
-  })
-  if (child.parentNode) {
-    removeChild(child.parentNode, child)
-  }
-  parent.children.push(child)
-  child.parentNode = parent
-}
-
-function insertBefore(parent: TestElement, child: TestNode, ref: TestNode) {
-  if (child.parentNode) {
-    removeChild(child.parentNode, child)
-  }
-  const refIndex = parent.children.indexOf(ref)
-  if (refIndex === -1) {
-    console.error('ref: ', ref)
-    console.error('parent: ', parent)
-    throw new Error('ref is not a child of parent')
+function insert(child: TestNode, parent: TestElement, ref?: TestNode | null) {
+  let refIndex
+  if (ref != null) {
+    refIndex = parent.children.indexOf(ref)
+    if (refIndex === -1) {
+      console.error('ref: ', ref)
+      console.error('parent: ', parent)
+      throw new Error('ref is not a child of parent')
+    }
   }
   logNodeOp({
     type: NodeOpTypes.INSERT,
@@ -135,42 +145,48 @@ function insertBefore(parent: TestElement, child: TestNode, ref: TestNode) {
     parentNode: parent,
     refNode: ref
   })
-  parent.children.splice(refIndex, 0, child)
-  child.parentNode = parent
-}
-
-function removeChild(parent: TestElement, child: TestNode) {
-  logNodeOp({
-    type: NodeOpTypes.REMOVE,
-    targetNode: child,
-    parentNode: parent
-  })
-  const i = parent.children.indexOf(child)
-  if (i > -1) {
-    parent.children.splice(i, 1)
+  remove(child)
+  if (refIndex === undefined) {
+    parent.children.push(child)
+    child.parentNode = parent
   } else {
-    console.error('target: ', child)
-    console.error('parent: ', parent)
-    throw Error('target is not a childNode of parent')
+    parent.children.splice(refIndex, 0, child)
+    child.parentNode = parent
   }
-  child.parentNode = null
 }
 
-function clearContent(node: TestNode) {
-  logNodeOp({
-    type: NodeOpTypes.CLEAR,
-    targetNode: node
-  })
-  if (node.type === NodeTypes.ELEMENT) {
-    node.children.forEach(c => {
-      c.parentNode = null
+function remove(child: TestNode) {
+  const parent = child.parentNode
+  if (parent != null) {
+    logNodeOp({
+      type: NodeOpTypes.REMOVE,
+      targetNode: child,
+      parentNode: parent
     })
-    node.children = []
-  } else {
-    node.text = ''
+    const i = parent.children.indexOf(child)
+    if (i > -1) {
+      parent.children.splice(i, 1)
+    } else {
+      console.error('target: ', child)
+      console.error('parent: ', parent)
+      throw Error('target is not a childNode of parent')
+    }
+    child.parentNode = null
   }
 }
 
+function setElementText(el: TestElement, text: string) {
+  logNodeOp({
+    type: NodeOpTypes.SET_ELEMENT_TEXT,
+    targetNode: el,
+    text
+  })
+  el.children.forEach(c => {
+    c.parentNode = null
+  })
+  el.children = [createText(text)]
+}
+
 function parentNode(node: TestNode): TestElement | null {
   return node.parentNode
 }
@@ -189,16 +205,14 @@ function querySelector() {
 }
 
 export const nodeOps = {
+  insert,
+  remove,
   createElement,
   createText,
+  createComment,
   setText,
-  appendChild,
-  insertBefore,
-  removeChild,
-  clearContent,
+  setElementText,
   parentNode,
   nextSibling,
   querySelector
 }
-
-export function patchData() {}
diff --git a/packages/runtime-test/src/patchData.ts b/packages/runtime-test/src/patchProp.ts
similarity index 87%
rename from packages/runtime-test/src/patchData.ts
rename to packages/runtime-test/src/patchProp.ts
index c46f82a08..381d73b2d 100644
--- a/packages/runtime-test/src/patchData.ts
+++ b/packages/runtime-test/src/patchProp.ts
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 import { TestElement, logNodeOp, NodeOpTypes } from './nodeOps'
 import { isOn } from '@vue/shared'
 
-export function patchData(
+export function patchProp(
   el: TestElement,
   key: string,
-  prevValue: any,
-  nextValue: any
+  nextValue: any,
+  prevValue: any
 ) {
   logNodeOp({
     type: NodeOpTypes.PATCH,
diff --git a/packages/runtime-test/src/serialize.ts b/packages/runtime-test/src/serialize.ts
index c4ec82ea8..fa401f4ad 100644
--- a/packages/runtime-test/src/serialize.ts
+++ b/packages/runtime-test/src/serialize.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,10 @@
-import { TestElement, TestNode, NodeTypes, TestText } from './nodeOps'
+import {
+  TestElement,
+  TestNode,
+  NodeTypes,
+  TestText,
+  TestComment
+} from './nodeOps'
 import { isOn } from '@vue/shared'
 
 export function serialize(
@@ -37,7 +43,14 @@ function serializeElement(
   )
 }
 
-function serializeText(node: TestText, indent: number, depth: number): string {
+function serializeText(
+  node: TestText | TestComment,
+  indent: number,
+  depth: number
+): string {
   const padding = indent ? ` `.repeat(indent).repeat(depth) : ``
-  return padding + node.text
+  return (
+    padding +
+    (node.type === NodeTypes.COMMENT ? `<!--${node.text}-->` : node.text)
+  )
 }