webpack/examples/harmony-unused

This example demonstrates how webpack tracks the using of ES6 imports and exports. Only used exports are emitted to the resulting bundle. The minimizing step then removes the declarations because they are unused.

Excluding unused exports from bundles is known as "tree-shaking".

In this example, only add and multiply in ./math.js are used by the app. list is unused and is not included in the minimized bundle (Look for Array.from in the minimized bundle).

In addition to that, library.js simulates an entry point to a big library. library.js re-exports multiple identifiers from submodules. Often big parts of that is unused, like abc.js. Note how the usage information flows from example.js through library.js into abc.js and all declarations in abc.js are not included in the minimized bundle (Look for console.log("a") in the minimized bundle).

example.js

import { add } from './math';
import * as library from "./library";

add(1, 2);
library.reexportedMultiply(1, 2);

math.js

export function add() {
	var sum = 0, i = 0, args = arguments, l = args.length;
	while (i < l) {
		sum += args[i++];
	}
	return sum;
}

export function multiply() {
	var product = 1, i = 0, args = arguments, l = args.length;
	while (i < l) {
		product *= args[i++];
	}
	return product;
}

export function list() {
	return Array.from(arguments);
}

library.js

export { a, b, c } from "./abc";
export { add as reexportedAdd, multiply as reexportedMultiply } from "./math";

dist/output.js

/******/ (function(modules) { /* webpackBootstrap */ })

/******/ (function(modules, runtime) { // webpackBootstrap
/******/ 	"use strict";
/******/ 	// The module cache
/******/ 	var installedModules = {};
/******/
/******/ 	// The require function
/******/ 	function __webpack_require__(moduleId) {
/******/
/******/ 		// Check if module is in cache
/******/ 		if(installedModules[moduleId]) {
/******/ 			return installedModules[moduleId].exports;
/******/ 		}
/******/ 		// Create a new module (and put it into the cache)
/******/ 		var module = installedModules[moduleId] = {
/******/ 			i: moduleId,
/******/ 			l: false,
/******/ 			exports: {}
/******/ 		};
/******/
/******/ 		// Execute the module function
/******/ 		modules[moduleId].call(module.exports, module, module.exports, __webpack_require__);
/******/
/******/ 		// Flag the module as loaded
/******/ 		module.l = true;
/******/
/******/ 		// Return the exports of the module
/******/ 		return module.exports;
/******/ 	}
/******/
/******/
/******/
/******/ 	// initialize runtime
/******/ 	runtime(__webpack_require__);
/******/
/******/ 	// Load entry module and return exports
/******/ 	return __webpack_require__(0);
/******/ })
/************************************************************************/

/******/ ([
/* 0 */
/*!********************!*\
  !*** ./example.js ***!
  \********************/
/*! no exports provided */
/*! runtime requirements: __webpack_require__.r, __webpack_exports__, __webpack_require__ */
/***/ (function(__unusedmodule, __webpack_exports__, __webpack_require__) {

"use strict";
__webpack_require__.r(__webpack_exports__);
/* harmony import */ var _math__WEBPACK_IMPORTED_MODULE_0__ = __webpack_require__(/*! ./math */ 1);
/* harmony import */ var _library__WEBPACK_IMPORTED_MODULE_1__ = __webpack_require__(/*! ./library */ 2);



Object(_math__WEBPACK_IMPORTED_MODULE_0__["add"])(1, 2);
_library__WEBPACK_IMPORTED_MODULE_1__["reexportedMultiply"](1, 2);


/***/ }),
/* 1 */
/*!*****************!*\
  !*** ./math.js ***!
  \*****************/
/*! exports provided: add, multiply, list */
/*! runtime requirements: __webpack_require__.r, __webpack_exports__, __webpack_require__.d, __webpack_require__ */
/***/ (function(__unusedmodule, __webpack_exports__, __webpack_require__) {

"use strict";
__webpack_require__.r(__webpack_exports__);
/* harmony export (binding) */ __webpack_require__.d(__webpack_exports__, "add", function() { return add; });
/* harmony export (binding) */ __webpack_require__.d(__webpack_exports__, "multiply", function() { return multiply; });
/* harmony export (binding) */ __webpack_require__.d(__webpack_exports__, "list", function() { return list; });
function add() {
	var sum = 0, i = 0, args = arguments, l = args.length;
	while (i < l) {
		sum += args[i++];
	}
	return sum;
}

function multiply() {
	var product = 1, i = 0, args = arguments, l = args.length;
	while (i < l) {
		product *= args[i++];
	}
	return product;
}

function list() {
	return Array.from(arguments);
}


/***/ }),
/* 2 */
/*!********************!*\
  !*** ./library.js ***!
  \********************/
/*! exports provided: a, b, c, reexportedAdd, reexportedMultiply */
/*! runtime requirements: __webpack_require__.r, __webpack_exports__, __webpack_require__, __webpack_require__.d */
/***/ (function(__unusedmodule, __webpack_exports__, __webpack_require__) {

"use strict";
__webpack_require__.r(__webpack_exports__);
/* harmony reexport (safe) */ __webpack_require__.d(__webpack_exports__, "a", function() { return _abc__WEBPACK_IMPORTED_MODULE_0__["a"]; });
/* harmony reexport (safe) */ __webpack_require__.d(__webpack_exports__, "b", function() { return _abc__WEBPACK_IMPORTED_MODULE_0__["b"]; });
/* harmony reexport (safe) */ __webpack_require__.d(__webpack_exports__, "c", function() { return _abc__WEBPACK_IMPORTED_MODULE_0__["c"]; });
/* harmony reexport (safe) */ __webpack_require__.d(__webpack_exports__, "reexportedAdd", function() { return _math__WEBPACK_IMPORTED_MODULE_1__["add"]; });
/* harmony reexport (safe) */ __webpack_require__.d(__webpack_exports__, "reexportedMultiply", function() { return _math__WEBPACK_IMPORTED_MODULE_1__["multiply"]; });
/* harmony import */ var _abc__WEBPACK_IMPORTED_MODULE_0__ = __webpack_require__(/*! ./abc */ 3);
/* harmony import */ var _math__WEBPACK_IMPORTED_MODULE_1__ = __webpack_require__(/*! ./math */ 1);



/***/ }),
/* 3 */
/*!****************!*\
  !*** ./abc.js ***!
  \****************/
/*! exports provided: a, b, c */
/*! runtime requirements: __webpack_require__.r, __webpack_exports__, __webpack_require__.d, __webpack_require__ */
/***/ (function(__unusedmodule, __webpack_exports__, __webpack_require__) {

"use strict";
__webpack_require__.r(__webpack_exports__);
/* harmony export (binding) */ __webpack_require__.d(__webpack_exports__, "a", function() { return a; });
/* harmony export (binding) */ __webpack_require__.d(__webpack_exports__, "b", function() { return b; });
/* harmony export (binding) */ __webpack_require__.d(__webpack_exports__, "c", function() { return c; });
function a() { console.log("a"); }
function b() { console.log("b"); }
function c() { console.log("c"); }


/***/ })
/******/ ],

function(__webpack_require__) { /* webpackRuntimeModules */ });

/******/ function(__webpack_require__) { // webpackRuntimeModules
/******/ 	"use strict";
/******/ 
/******/ 	/* webpack/runtime/make namespace object */
/******/ 	!function() {
/******/ 		// define __esModule on exports
/******/ 		__webpack_require__.r = function(exports) {
/******/ 			if(typeof Symbol !== 'undefined' && Symbol.toStringTag) {
/******/ 				Object.defineProperty(exports, Symbol.toStringTag, { value: 'Module' });
/******/ 			}
/******/ 			Object.defineProperty(exports, '__esModule', { value: true });
/******/ 		};
/******/ 	}();
/******/ 	
/******/ 	/* webpack/runtime/define property getter */
/******/ 	!function() {
/******/ 		// define getter function for harmony exports
/******/ 		var hasOwnProperty = Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;
/******/ 		__webpack_require__.d = function(exports, name, getter) {
/******/ 			if(!hasOwnProperty.call(exports, name)) {
/******/ 				Object.defineProperty(exports, name, { enumerable: true, get: getter });
/******/ 			}
/******/ 		};
/******/ 	}();
/******/ 	
/******/ }
);

dist/output.js

!function(t,e){"use strict";var r={};function n(e){if(r[e])return r[e].exports;var o=r[e]={i:e,l:!1,exports:{}};return t[e].call(o.exports,o,o.exports,n),o.l=!0,o.exports}(function(t){t.r=function(t){"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(t,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(t,"__esModule",{value:!0})},e=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,t.d=function(t,r,n){e.call(t,r)||Object.defineProperty(t,r,{enumerable:!0,get:n})};var e})(n),n(275)}({275:function(t,e,r){"use strict";r.r(e);var n=r(702),o=r(472);Object(n.a)(1,2),o.a(1,2)},472:function(t,e,r){"use strict";r.d(e,"a",function(){return n.b});r(899);var n=r(702)},702:function(t,e,r){"use strict";function n(){for(var t=0,e=0,r=arguments,n=r.length;e<n;)t+=r[e++];return t}function o(){for(var t=1,e=0,r=arguments,n=r.length;e<n;)t*=r[e++];return t}r.d(e,"a",function(){return n}),r.d(e,"b",function(){return o})},899:function(){"use strict"}});

Info

Unoptimized

Hash: 0a1b2c3d4e5f6a7b8c9d
Version: webpack 5.0.0-next
    Asset      Size  Chunks             Chunk Names
output.js  6.03 KiB     {0}  [emitted]  main
Entrypoint main = output.js
chunk {0} output.js (main) 698 bytes (javascript) 560 bytes (runtime) [entry] [rendered]
    > .\example.js main
 [0] ./example.js 114 bytes {0} [built]
     [no exports]
     [used exports unknown]
     entry .\example.js main
 [1] ./math.js 347 bytes {0} [built]
     [exports: add, multiply, list]
     [used exports unknown]
     harmony side effect evaluation ./math [0] ./example.js 1:0-29
     harmony import specifier ./math [0] ./example.js 4:0-3
     harmony side effect evaluation ./math [2] ./library.js 2:0-78
     harmony export imported specifier ./math [2] ./library.js 2:0-78
     harmony export imported specifier ./math [2] ./library.js 2:0-78
 [2] ./library.js 111 bytes {0} [built]
     [exports: a, b, c, reexportedAdd, reexportedMultiply]
     [used exports unknown]
     harmony side effect evaluation ./library [0] ./example.js 2:0-37
     harmony import specifier ./library [0] ./example.js 5:0-26
 [3] ./abc.js 126 bytes {0} [built]
     [exports: a, b, c]
     [used exports unknown]
     harmony side effect evaluation ./abc [2] ./library.js 1:0-32
     harmony export imported specifier ./abc [2] ./library.js 1:0-32
     harmony export imported specifier ./abc [2] ./library.js 1:0-32
     harmony export imported specifier ./abc [2] ./library.js 1:0-32
     + 2 hidden chunk modules

Production mode

Hash: 0a1b2c3d4e5f6a7b8c9d
Version: webpack 5.0.0-next
    Asset       Size  Chunks             Chunk Names
output.js  954 bytes   {404}  [emitted]  main
Entrypoint main = output.js
chunk {404} output.js (main) 698 bytes (javascript) 560 bytes (runtime) [entry] [rendered]
    > .\example.js main
 [275] ./example.js 114 bytes {404} [built]
       [no exports]
       entry .\example.js main
 [472] ./library.js 111 bytes {404} [built]
       [exports: a, b, c, reexportedAdd, reexportedMultiply]
       [only some exports used: reexportedMultiply]
       harmony side effect evaluation ./library [275] ./example.js 2:0-37
       harmony import specifier ./library [275] ./example.js 5:0-26
 [702] ./math.js 347 bytes {404} [built]
       [exports: add, multiply, list]
       [only some exports used: add, multiply]
       harmony side effect evaluation ./math [275] ./example.js 1:0-29
       harmony import specifier ./math [275] ./example.js 4:0-3
       harmony side effect evaluation ./math [472] ./library.js 2:0-78
       harmony export imported specifier ./math [472] ./library.js 2:0-78
       harmony export imported specifier ./math [472] ./library.js 2:0-78
 [899] ./abc.js 126 bytes {404} [built]
       [exports: a, b, c]
       [no exports used]
       harmony side effect evaluation ./abc [472] ./library.js 1:0-32
       harmony export imported specifier ./abc [472] ./library.js 1:0-32
       harmony export imported specifier ./abc [472] ./library.js 1:0-32
       harmony export imported specifier ./abc [472] ./library.js 1:0-32
     + 2 hidden chunk modules