geekdoc-python-zh/docs/py4b/python-system-administration.md

Python 系统管理

原文：https://www.pythonforbeginners.com/systems-programming/python-system-administration

概观

Python 中的 OS 模块提供了一种使用依赖于操作系统的 功能的方法。

OS 模块提供的功能允许您与运行 Python 的 底层操作系统进行交互。(Windows，Mac 或者 Linux。

您可以找到关于您所在位置或流程的重要信息。

在我们开始之前，确保您已经导入了操作系统模块" import os "

操作系统功能解释

os.system()	# Executing a shell command

os.stat()	# Get the status of a file

os.environ()    # Get the users environment

os.chdir()   	# Move focus to a different directory

os.getcwd()    	# Returns the current working directory

os.getgid()    	# Return the real group id of the current process

os.getuid()    	# Return the current process’s user id

os.getpid()     # Returns the real process ID of the current process

os.getlogin()   # Return the name of the user logged

os.access()   	# Check read permissions

os.chmod()    	# Change the mode of path to the numeric mode

os.chown()   	# Change the owner and group id

os.umask(mask)  # Set the current numeric umask

os.getsize()   	# Get the size of a file

os.environ()    # Get the users environment

os.uname()   	# Return information about the current operating system

os.chroot(path) # Change the root directory of the current process to path

os.listdir(path)# List of the entries in the directory given by path

os.getloadavg() # Show queue averaged over the last 1, 5, and 15 minutes

os.path.exists()# Check if a path exists

os.walk()   	# Print out all directories, sub-directories and files

os.mkdir(path)	# Create a directory named path with numeric mode mode

os.remove(path)	# Remove (delete) the file path

os.rmdir(path)  # Remove (delete) the directory path

os.makedirs(path)# Recursive directory creation function

os.removedirs(path) # Remove directories recursively

os.rename(src, dst) # Rename the file or directory src to dst

操作系统功能示例

让我们开始看看如何使用这些操作系统功能。

#Get current working directory with os.getcwd()
print os.getcwd()

#Get the status of a file with os.stat()
print "Getting the status of: ", os.stat('/usr/bin/python')

#Execute a shell command with os.system()
os.system('ls -l')

#Return the current process id with os.getpid()
print os.getpid()
os.chmod(path, mode)

#Change the owner and group id of path to the numeric uid and gid with os.chown()
os.chown(path, uid, gid)

#Processes in the system run queue averaged over the last 1, 5, and 15 minutes
print os.getloadavg()

#Check if a path exists with os.path.exists()
if os.path.exists("file.txt"):

#Create a new directory named 'new_directory' if it doesn't exist already"
os.path.exists("new_directory") or os.mkdir("new_directory")

#Check if the path is a directory or a file with os.path.isdir() & os.path.isfile()
path = "/tmp"
if os.path.isdir(path): print "That's a directory"
if os.path.isfile(path): print "That's a file"

#Create a directory with os.makedir()
print os.mkdir('new_directory', 0666)

#Recursive create directories with os.makedirs()
os.makedirs('dir_a/dir_b/dir_c')

#Remove a directory with os.rmdir()
print os.rmdir('directory')

#Recursively remove empty directories with os.rmdirs()
os.removedirs('dir_a/dir_b/dir_c')

#Rename a file with os.rename()
print os.rename('/path/to/old/file', '/path/to/new/file')

#Rename a file with shutil.move()
print shutil.move('/path/to/old/file', '/path/to/new/file')

#Rename a file with shutil.copy()
print shutil.copy('/path/to/old/file', '/path/to/new/file')

#Get the users home directory
print os.path.expanduser('~')

#Check read permissions with os.access()
path = '/tmp/file.txt'
print os.access(path, os.R_OK)

#Get the users environment with os.environmen()
home =  os.environ['HOME']
print home

#Move focus to a different directory with os.chdir()
print os.chdir('/tmp')

#Print out all directories, sub-directories and files with os.walk()
for root, dirs, files in os.walk("/tmp"):
    print root
    print dirs
    print files

#Get the last time a directory was accessed with os.path.getatime()
os.path.getatime('/tmp')

#Get the last time a directory was modified with os.path.getmtime()
os.path.getmtime('/tmp')

#Get the user ID with os.getuid()
if os.getuid() != 0: print "you are not root"

#Get the group ID with os.getgid()
print os.getgid()

#Return the name of the user logged in with os.getlogin()
print os.getlogin()

#Returns a list of all files in a directory with os.listdir()
for filename in os.listdir("/tmp"):
    print "This is inside /tmp", filename

#Get the size of a file with os.path.getsize()
path.getsize("/tmp/file.txt")

当您觉得您的 shell 脚本非常有限时，在日常工作中使用 Python 是自动化系统管理任务的好方法。