spring-boot/docs/howto.md

How Do I Do That With Spring Boot?

Here is a starting point for a potentially large collection of micro HOWTO guides. If you want to add a placeholder for a question without an answer, put it at the top (at header level 2) and we can fill in the gaps later.

There is a really useful AutoConfigurationReport available in any Spring Boot ApplicationContext. You will see it automatically if a context fails to start, and also if you enable DEBUG logging for Spring Boot. If you use the Actuator there is also an endpoint /autoconfig that renders the report in JSON. Use that to debug the application and see what features have been added (and which not) by Spring Boot at runtime.

Many more questions can be answered by looking at the source code and Javadocs. Some rules of thumb:

• Look for classes called *AutoConfiguration and read their sources, in particular the @Conditional* annotations to find out what features they enable and when. In those clases...

• Look for classes that are @ConfigurationProperties (e.g. ServerProperties) and read from there the available external configuration options. The @ConfigurationProperties has a name attribute which acts as a prefix to external properties, thus ServerProperties has name="server" and its configuration properties are server.port, server.address etc.

• Look for use of RelaxedEnvironment to pull configuration values explicitly out of the Environment. It often is used with a prefix.

• Look for @Value annotations that bind directly to the Environment. This is less flexible than the RelaxedEnvironment approach, but does allow some relaxed binding, specifically for OS environment variables (so CAPITALS_AND_UNDERSCORES are synonyms for period.separated).

• Look for @ConditionalOnExpression annotations that switch features on and off in response to SpEL expressions, normally evaluated with placeholders resolved from the Environment.

Add a Servlet, Filter or ServletContextListener to an Application

Servlet, Filter, ServletContextListener and the other listeners supported by the Servlet spec can be added to your application as @Bean definitions. Be very careful that they don't cause eager initialization of too many other beans because they have to be installed in th container very early in the application lifecycle (e.g. it's not a good idea to have them depend on your DataSource or JPA configuration). You can work around restrictions like that by initializing them lazily when first used instead of on initialization.

In the case of Filters and Servlets you can also add mappings and init parameters by adding a FilterRegistrationBean or ServletRegistrationBean instead of or as well as the underlying component.

Configure Tomcat

Generally you can follow the advice here about @ConfigurationProperties (ServerProperties is the main one here), but also look at EmbeddedServletContainerCustomizer and various Tomcat specific *Customizers that you can add in one of those. The Tomcat APIs are quite rich so once you have access to the TomcatEmbeddedServletContainerFactory you can modify it in a number of ways. Or the nuclear option is to add your own TomcatEmbeddedServletContainerFactory.

Configure Jetty

Generally you can follow the advice here about @ConfigurationProperties (ServerProperties is the main one here), but also look at EmbeddedServletContainerCustomizer. The Jetty APIs are quite rich so once you have access to the JettyEmbeddedServletContainerFactory you can modify it in a number of ways. Or the nuclear option is to add your own JettyEmbeddedServletContainerFactory.

Terminate SSL in Tomcat

Add a EmbeddedServletContainerCustomizer and in that add a TomcatConnectorCustomizer that sets up the connector to be secure:

@Bean
public EmbeddedServletContainerCustomizer containerCustomizer(){
    return new EmbeddedServletContainerCustomizer() {
        @Override
        public void customize(ConfigurableEmbeddedServletContainerFactory factory) {
            if(factory instanceof TomcatEmbeddedServletContainerFactory){
                TomcatEmbeddedServletContainerFactory containerFactory = (TomcatEmbeddedServletContainerFactory) factory;
                containerFactory.addConnectorCustomizers(new TomcatConnectorCustomizer() {
                
                    @Override
                    public void customize(Connector connector) {

                        connector.setPort(serverPort);
                        connector.setSecure(true);
                        connector.setScheme("https");
                        connector.setAttribute("keyAlias", "tomcat");
                        connector.setAttribute("keystorePass", "password");
                        try {
                            connector.setAttribute("keystoreFile", ResourceUtils.getFile("src/ssl/tomcat.keystore").getAbsolutePath());
                        } catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
                            throw new IllegalStateException("Cannot load keystore", e);
                        }
                        connector.setAttribute("clientAuth", "false");
                        connector.setAttribute("sslProtocol", "TLS");
                        connector.setAttribute("SSLEnabled", true);
                
                });
            }
        }
    };
}

Reload Static Content (E.g. Thymeleaf Templates) Without Restarting the Container

If you are using Thymeleaf, then set spring.thymeleaf.cache=false. See ThymeleafAutoConfiguration for other template customization options.

Reload Java Classes Without Restarting the Container

Modern IDEs (Eclipse, IDEA etc.) all support hot swapping of bytecode, so if you make a change that doesn't affect class or method signatures it should reload cleanly with no side effects.

Spring Loaded goes a little further in that it can reload class definitions with changes in the method signatures. With some customization it can force an ApplicationContext to refresh itself (but there is no general mechanism to ensure that would be safe for a running application anyway, so it would only ever be a development time trick probably).

## Build an ApplicationContext Hierarchy (Adding a Parent or Root Context)

The SpringApplicationBuilder has methods specifically designed for the purpose of building a hierarchy, e.g.

SpringApplicationBuilder application = new SpringApplicationBuilder();
application.sources(Parent.class).child(Application.class).run(args);

There are some restrictions, e.g. the parent aplication context is not a WebApplicationContext. Both parent and child are executed with the same Environment constructed in the usual way to include command line arguments. Any ServletContextAware components all have to go in the child context, otherwise there is no way for Spring Boot to create the ServletContext in time.

Convert an Existing Application to Spring Boot

For a non-web application it should be easy (throw away the code that creates your ApplicationContext and replace it with calls to SpringApplication or SpringApplicationBuilder). Spring MVC web applications are generally amenable to first creating a deployable WAR application, and then migrating it later to an executable WAR and/or JAR. Useful reading is in the Getting Started Guide on Converting a JAR to a WAR.

Create a deployable WAR by extending SpringBootServletInitializer (e.g. in a class called Application), and add the Spring Boot @EnableAutoConfiguration annotation. Example:

@Configuration
@EnableAutoConfiguration
@ComponentScan
public class Application extends SpringBootServletInitializer {
	
	@Override
	protected SpringApplicationBuilder configure(SpringApplicationBuilder application) {
		return application.sources(Application.class);
	}

}

Remember that whatever you put in the "sources" is just a Spring ApplicationContext and normally anything that already works should work here. There might be some beans you can remove later and let Spring Boot provide its own defaults for them, but it should be possible to get something working first.

Static resources can be moved to /public (or /static or /resources or /META-INFO/resources) in the classpath root. Same for messages.properties (Spring Boot detects this automatically in the root of the classpath).

Vanilla usage of Spring DispatcherServlet and Spring Security should require no further changes. If you have other features in your application, using other servlets or filters, for instance then you may need to add some configuration to your Application context, replacing those elements from the web.xml as follows:

• A @Bean of type Servlet or ServletRegistrationBean installs that bean in the container as if it was a <servlet/> and <servlet-mapping/> in web.xml

• A @Bean of type Filter or FilterRegistrationBean behaves similarly (like a <filter/> and <filter-mapping/>.

• An ApplicationContext in an XML file can be added to an @Import in your Application. Or simple cases where annotation configuration is heavily used already can be recreated in a few lines as @Bean definitions.

Once the WAR is working we make it executable by adding a main method to our Application, e.g.

public static void main(String[] args) {
	SpringApplication.run(Application.class, args);
}

Applications can fall into more than one category:

• Servlet 3.0 applications with no web.xml
• Applications with a web.xml
• Applications with a context hierarchy and
• Those without a context hierarchy

All of these should be amenable to translation, but each might require slightly different tricks.

Servlet 3.0 applications might translate pretty easily if they already use the Spring Servlet 3.0 initializer support classes. Normally all the code from an existing WebApplicationInitializer can be moved into a SpringBootServletInitializer. If your existing application has more than one ApplicationContext (e.g. if it uses AbstractDispatcherServletInitializer) then you might be able to squish all your context sources into a single SpringApplication. The main complication you might encounter is if that doesn't work and you need to maintain the context hierarchy. See the entry on building a hierarchy for examples. An existing parent context that contains web-specific features will usually need to be broken up so that all the ServletContextAware components are in the child context.

Applications that are not already Spring applications might be convertible to a Spring Boot application, and the guidance above might help, but your mileage may vary.

Serve Static Content

Spring Boot by default will serve static content from a folder called /static (or /public or or /resources or /META-INF/resources) in the classpath or from the root of the ServeltContext. It uses the ResourceHttpRequestHandler from Spring MVC so you can modify that behaviour by adding your own WebMvcConfigurerAdapter and overriding the addResourceHandlers method.

By default in a standalone web application the default servlet from the container is also enabled, and acts as a fallback, serving content from the root of the ServletContext if Spring decides not to handle it. Most of the time this will not happen unless you modify the deafult MVC configuration because Spring will always be able to handle requests through the DispatcherServlet.

In addition to the 'standard' static resource locations above, a special case is made for Webjars content. Any resources with a path in /webjars/** will be served from jar files if they are packaged in the Webjars format.

For more detail look at the WebMvcAutoConfiguration source code.

Change the HTTP Port

In a standalone application the main HTTP port defaults to 8080, but can be set with server.port (e.g. in application.properties or as a System property). Thanks to relaxed binding of Environment values you can also use SERVER_PORT (e.g. as an OS environment variable).

To scan for a free port (using OS natives to prevent clashes) use server.port=0. To switch off the HTTP endpoints completely, but still create a WebApplicationContext, use server.port=-1 (this is sometimes useful for testing).

For more detail look at the ServerProperties source code.

Change the HTTP Port or Address of the Actuator Endpoints

In a standalone application the Actuator HTTP port defaults to the same as the main HTTP port. To make the application listen on a different port set the external property management.port. To listen on a completely different network address (e.g. if you have an internal network for management and an external one for user applications) you can also set management.address to a valid IP address that the server is able to bind to.

For more detail look at the ManagementServerProperties source code.

Customize "Whitelabel" Error Page

The Actuator installs a "whitelabel" error page that you will see in browser client if you encounter a server error (machine clients consuming JSON and other media types should see a sensible response with the right error code). To switch it off you can set error.whitelabel.enabled=false, but normally in addition or alternatively to that you will want to add your own error page replacing the whitelabel one. If you are using Thymeleaf you can do this by adding an "error.html" template. In general what you need is a View that resolves with a name of "error", and/or a @Controller that handles the "/error" path. Unless you replaced some of the default configuration you should find a BeanNameViewResolver in your ApplicationContext so a @Bean with id "error" would be a simple way of doing that. Look at ErrorMvcAutoConfiguration for more options.

Use 'Short' Command Line Arguments

Some people like to use (for example) --port=9000 instead of --server.port=9000 to set configuration properties on the command line. You can easily enable this by using placeholders in application.properties, e.g.

server.port: ${port:8080}

Note that in this specific case the port binding will work in a PaaS environment like Heroku and Cloud Foundry, since in those two platforms the PORT environment variable is set automatically and Spring can bind to capitalized synonyms for Environment properties.

Test a Spring Boot Application

A Spring Boot application is just a Spring ApplicationContext so nothing very special has to be done to test it beyond what you would normally do with a vanilla Spring context. One thing to watch out for though is that the external properties, logging and other features of Spring Boot are only installed in the context by default if you use SpringApplication to create it. Spring Boot has a special Spring @ContextConfiguration annotation, so you can use this for example (from the JPA Sample):

@RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class)
@SpringApplicationConfiguration(classes = SampleDataJpaApplication.class)
public class CityRepositoryIntegrationTests {

	@Autowired
	CityRepository repository;

...

To use the @SpringApplicationConfiguration you need the test jar on your classpath (recommended Maven co-ordinates "org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-test"). The context loader guesses whether you want to test a web application or not (e.g. with MockMVC) by looking for the @WebAppConfiguration annotation. (MockMVC and @WebAppConfiguration are from the Spring Test support library).

## Externalize the Configuration of SpringApplication

A SpringApplication has bean properties (mainly setters) so you can use its Java API as you create the application to modify its behaviour. Or you can externalize the configuration using properties in spring.main.*. E.g. in application.properties you might have

spring.main.web_environment: false
spring.main.show_banner: false

and then the Spring Boot banner will not be printed on startup, and the application will not be a web application.

Create a Non-Web Application

Not all Spring applications have to be web applications (or web services). If you want to execute some code in a main method, but also bootstrap a Spring application to set up the infrastructure to use, then it's easy with the SpringApplication features of Spring Boot. A SpringApplication changes its ApplicationContext class depending on whether it thinks it needs a web application or not. The first thing you can do to help it is to just leave the web depdendencies off the classpath. If you can't do that (e.g. you are running 2 applications from the same code base) then you can explicitly call SpringApplication.setWebEnvironment(false), or set the applicationContextClass property (through the Java API or with external properties). Application code that you want to run as your business logic can be implemented as a CommandLineRunner and dropped into the context as a @Bean definition.

Create a Deployable WAR File

Use the SpringBootServletInitializer base class, which is picked up by Spring's Servlet 3.0 support on deployment. Add an extension of that to your project and build a WAR file as normal. For more detail, see the "Converting a JAR Project to a WAR" guide on the spring.io website.

The WAR file can also be executable if you use the Spring Boot build tools. In that case the embedded container classes (to launch Tomcat for instance) have to be added to the WAR in a lib-provided directory. The tools will take care of that as long as the dependencies are marked as "provided" in Maven or Gradle. Here's a Maven example in the Boot Samples.

Create a Deployable WAR File for older Servlet Containers

Older Servlet containers don't have support for the ServletContextInitializer bootstrap process used in Servlet 3.0. You can still use Spring and Spring Boot in these containers but you are going to need to add a web.xml to your application and configure it to load an ApplicationContext via a DispatcherServlet.

TODO: add some detail.

Configure a DataSource

Spring Boot will create a DataSource for you if you have spring-jdbc and some other things on the classpath. Here's the algorithm for choosing a specific implementation.

• We prefer the Tomcat pooling DataSource for its performance and concurrency, so if that is available we always choose it.
• If commons-dbcp is available we will use that, but we don't recommend it in production.
• If neither of those is available but an embedded database is then we create one of those for you (preference order is h2, then Apache Derby, then hsqldb).

The pooling DataSource option is controlled by external configuration properties in spring.datasource.* for example:

spring.datasource.url: jdbc:mysql://localhost/test
spring.datasource.username: root
spring.datasource.password:
spring.datasource.driverClassName: com.mysql.jdbc.Driver

The @ConfigurationProperties for spring.datasource are defined in AbstractDataSourceConfiguration (so see there for more options).

For a pooling DataSource to be created we need to be able to verify that a valid Driver class is available, so we check for that before doing anything. I.e. if you set spring.datasource.driverClassName=com.mysql.jdbc.Driver then that class has to be loadable.

To override the default settings just define a @Bean of your own of type DataSource. See DataSourceAutoConfiguration for more details.

Use Spring Data Repositories

Spring Data can create implementations for you of @Repository interfaces of various flavours. Spring Boot will handle all of that for you as long as those @Repositories are included in a @ComponentScan.

For many applications all you will need is to put the right Spring Data dependencies on your classpath (there is a "spring-boot-starter-data-jpa" for JPA and for Mongodb you only nee dto add "spring-datamongodb"), create some repository interfaces to handle your @Entity objects, and then add a @ComponentScan that covers those packages. Examples are in the JPA sample or the Mongodb sample.

Configure JPA Properties

Spring JPA already provides some vendor-independent configuration options (e.g. for SQL logging) and Spring Boot exposes those, and a few more for hibernate as external configuration properties. The most common options to set are

spring.jpa.hibernate.ddl-auto: create-drop
spring.jpa.hibernate.naming_strategy: org.hibernate.cfg.ImprovedNamingStrategy
spring.jpa.database: H2
spring.jpa.show-sql: true

(Because of relaxed data binding hyphens or underscores should work equally well as property keys.) The ddl-auto setting is a special case in that it has different defaults depending on whether you are using an embedded database ("create-drop") or not ("none"). In addition all properties in spring.jpa.properties.* are passed through as normal JPA properties (with the prefix stripped) when the local EntityManagerFactory is created.

See HibernateJpaAutoConfiguration and JpaBaseConfiguration for more details.

## Discover Built-in Options for External Properties

Spring Boot binds external properties from application.properties (or .yml) (and other places) into an application at runtime. There is not (and technically cannot be) an exhaustive list of all supported properties in a single location because contributions can come from additional JAR files on your classpath. There is a sample application.yml with a non-exhaustive and possibly inaccurate list of properties supported by Spring Boot vanilla with autoconfiguration. The definitive list comes from searching the source code for @ConfigurationProperties and @Value annotations, as well as the occasional use of RelaxedEnvironment (c.f. here).

Set the Active Spring Profiles

The Spring Environment has an API for this, but normally you would set a System profile (spring.profiles.active) or an OS environment variable (SPRING_PROFILES_ACTIVE). E.g. launch your application with a -D... argument (remember to put it before the main class or jar archive):

java -jar -Dspring.profiles.active=production demo-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT.jar

In Spring Boot you can also set the active profile in application.properties, e.g.

spring.profiles.active: production

A value set this is replaced by the System property or environment variable setting, but not by the SpringApplicationBuilder.profiles() method. Thus the latter Java API can be used to augment the profiles without changing the defaults.

Change the Location of External Properties of an Application

Properties from different sources are added to the Spring Environment in a defined order, and the precedence for resolution is

1. commandline, 2) filesystem (current working directory) application.properties, 3) classpath application.properties. To modify this you can provide System properties (or environment variables)

• config.name (CONFIG_NAME), defaults to application as the root of the file name
• config.location (CONFIG_LOCATION) is a comma-separated list of files to load. A separate Environment property source is set up for each document found, so the priority order is most significant first. Defaults to file:./application.properties,classpath:application.properties. If YAML is used then those files are also added to the list by default.

See ConfigFileApplicationContextInitializer for more detail.

Use YAML for External Properties

YAML is a superset of JSON and as such is a very convenient syntax for storing external properties in a hierarchical format. E.g.

spring:
  application:
    name: cruncher
  datasource:
    driverClassName: com.mysql.jdbc.Driver
    url: jdbc:mysql://localhost/test
server:
  port: 9000

Create a file called application.yml and stick it in the root of your classpath, and also add snake-yaml to your classpath (Maven co-ordinates org.yaml:snake-yaml). A YAML file is parsed to a Java Map<String,Object> (like a JSON object), and Spring Boot flattens the maps so that it is 1-level deep and has period-separated keys, a lot like people are used to with Properties files in Java.

The example YAML above corresponds to an application.properties file

spring.application.name: cruncher
spring.datasource.driverClassName: com.mysql.jdbc.Driver
spring.datasource.url: jdbc:mysql://localhost/test
server.port: 9000

Change Configuration Depending on the Environment

A YAML file is actually a sequence of documents separated by --- lines, and each document is parsed separately to a flattened map.

If a YAML document contains a spring.profiles key, then the profiles value (comma-separated list of profiles) is fed into the Spring Environment.acceptsProfiles() and if any of those profiles is active that document is included in the final merge (otherwise not).

Example:

server:
  port: 9000

---

spring:
  profiles: development
server:
  port: 9001

---

spring:
  profiles: production
server:
  port: 0

In this example the default port is 9000, but if the Spring profile "development" is active then the port is 9001, and if "production" is active then it is 0.

The YAML documents are merged in the order they are encountered (so later values override earlier ones).

To do the same thing with properties files you can use application-${profile}.properties to specify profile-specific values.