spring-framework/spring-framework-reference/src/testing.xml

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<chapter id="testing">
  <title>Testing</title>

  <section id="testing-introduction">
    <title>Introduction to testing</title>

    <para>Testing is an integral part of enterprise software development. This
    chapter focuses on the value-add of the IoC principle to <link
    linkend="unit-testing">unit testing</link> and on the benefits of Spring
    Framework <link linkend="integration-testing">integration testing</link>.
    (A thorough treatment of testing in the enterprise is beyond the scope of
    this chapter.)</para>
  </section>

  <section id="unit-testing">
    <title>Unit testing</title>

    <para>Dependency Injection should make your code less dependent on the
    container than it would be with traditional Java EE development. The POJOs
    that make up your application should be testable in JUnit or TestNG tests,
    with objects simply instantiated using the <literal>new</literal>
    operator, <emphasis>without Spring or any other container</emphasis>. You
    can use <link linkend="mock-objects">mock objects</link> (in conjunction
    with other valuable testing techniques) to test your code in isolation. If
    you follow the architecture recommendations for Spring, the resulting
    clean layering and componentization of your codebase will facilitate
    easier unit testing. For example, you can test service layer objects by
    stubbing or mocking DAO or Repository interfaces, without needing to
    access persistent data while running unit tests.</para>

    <para>True unit tests typically run extremely quickly, as there is no
    runtime infrastructure to set up. Emphasizing true unit tests as part of
    your development methodology will boost your productivity. You may not
    need this section of the testing chapter to help you write effective unit
    tests for your IoC-based applications. For certain unit testing scenarios,
    however, the Spring Framework provides the following mock objects and
    testing support classes.</para>

    <section id="mock-objects">
      <title>Mock objects</title>

      <section id="mock-objects-jndi">
        <title>JNDI</title>

        <para>The <literal>org.springframework.mock.jndi</literal> package
        contains an implementation of the JNDI SPI, which you can use to set
        up a simple JNDI environment for test suites or stand-alone
        applications. If, for example, JDBC <classname>DataSource</classname>s
        get bound to the same JNDI names in test code as within a Java EE
        container, you can reuse both application code and configuration in
        testing scenarios without modification.</para>
      </section>

      <section id="mock-objects-servlet">
        <title>Servlet API</title>

        <para>The <literal>org.springframework.mock.web</literal> package
        contains a comprehensive set of Servlet API mock objects, targeted at
        usage with Spring's Web MVC framework, which are useful for testing
        web contexts and controllers. These mock objects are generally more
        convenient to use than dynamic mock objects such as <ulink
        url="http://www.easymock.org">EasyMock</ulink> or existing Servlet API
        mock objects such as <ulink
        url="http://www.mockobjects.com">MockObjects</ulink>.</para>
      </section>

      <section id="mock-objects-portlet">
        <title>Portlet API</title>

        <para>The <literal>org.springframework.mock.web.portlet</literal>
        package contains a set of Portlet API mock objects, targeted at usage
        with Spring's Portlet MVC framework.</para>
      </section>
    </section>

    <section id="unit-testing-support-classes">
      <title>Unit testing support classes</title>

      <section id="unit-testing-utilities">
        <title>General utilities</title>

        <para>The <literal>org.springframework.test.util</literal> package
        contains <classname>ReflectionTestUtils</classname>, which is a
        collection of reflection-based utility methods. Developers use these
        methods in unit and integration testing scenarios in which they need
        to set a non-<literal>public</literal> field or invoke a
        non-<literal>public</literal> setter method when testing application
        code involving, for example:</para>

        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>ORM frameworks such as JPA and Hibernate that condone
            <literal>private</literal> or <literal>protected</literal> field
            access as opposed to <literal>public</literal> setter methods for
            properties in a domain entity.</para>
          </listitem>

          <listitem>
            <para>Spring's support for annotations such as
            <interfacename>@Autowired</interfacename> and
            <interfacename>@Resource,</interfacename> which provides
            dependency injection for <literal>private</literal> or
            <literal>protected</literal> fields, setter methods, and
            configuration methods</para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
      </section>

      <section id="unit-testing-spring-mvc">
        <title>Spring MVC</title>

        <para>The <literal>org.springframework.test.web</literal> package
        contains <classname>ModelAndViewAssert</classname>, which you can use
        in combination with JUnit 4+, TestNG, and so on for unit tests dealing
        with Spring MVC <classname>ModelAndView</classname> objects.</para>

        <tip>
          <title>Unit testing Spring MVC Controllers</title>

          <para>To test your Spring MVC <literal>Controller</literal>s, use
          <classname>ModelAndViewAssert</classname> combined with
          <literal>MockHttpServletRequest</literal>,
          <literal>MockHttpSession</literal>, and so on from the <link
          linkend="mock-objects-servlet"><literal>org.springframework.mock.web</literal></link>
          package.</para>
        </tip>
      </section>
    </section>
  </section>

  <section id="integration-testing">
    <title>Integration testing</title>

    <section id="integration-testing-overview">
      <title>Overview</title>

      <para>It is important to be able to perform some integration testing
      without requiring deployment to your application server or connecting to
      other enterprise infrastructure. This will enable you to test things
      such as:</para>

      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>The correct wiring of your Spring IoC container
          contexts.</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>Data access using JDBC or an ORM tool. This would include such
          things as the correctness of SQL statements, Hibernate queries, JPA
          entity mappings, etc.</para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>

      <para>The Spring Framework provides first class support for integration
      testing in the <filename
      class="libraryfile">spring-test.jar</filename>
      library (where <literal>VERSION</literal> is the release version). This
      library includes the <literal>org.springframework.test</literal>
      package, which contains valuable classes for integration testing with a
      Spring container. This testing does not rely on an application server or
      other deployment environment. Such tests are slower to run than unit
      tests but much faster to than the equivalent Cactus tests or remote
      tests that rely on deployment to an application server.</para>

      <para>In Spring 2.5 and later, unit and integration testing support is
      provided in the form of the annotation-driven <link
      linkend="testcontext-framework">Spring TestContext Framework</link>. The
      TestContext Framework is agnostic of the actual testing framework in
      use, thus allowing instrumentation of tests in various environments
      including JUnit, TestNG, and so on.</para>

      <warning>
        <title>Legacy JUnit 3.8 class hierarchy is deprecated</title>

        <para>As of Spring 3.0, the legacy JUnit 3.8 base class hierarchy (for
        example,
        <classname>AbstractDependencyInjectionSpringContextTests</classname>,
        <classname>AbstractTransactionalDataSourceSpringContextTests</classname>,
        etc.) is officially deprecated and will be removed in a later release.
        Migrate this code to the <link linkend="testcontext-framework">Spring
        TestContext Framework</link>.</para>
      </warning>
    </section>

    <section id="integration-testing-goals">
      <title>Goals of integration testing</title>

      <para>Spring's integration testing support has the following
      goals:</para>

      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para><link linkend="testing-ctx-management">Spring IoC container
          caching</link> between test execution.</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para><link linkend="testing-fixture-di">Dependency Injection of
          test fixture instances</link>.</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para><link linkend="testing-tx">Transaction management</link>
          appropriate to integration testing.</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para><link linkend="testing-support-classes">Spring-specific
          support classes</link> that are useful in writing integration
          tests.<!--How is the last bullet point a *goal*? A goal is what the testing support is supposed to accomplish. Does customer write integration

tests? Aren't these already provided?--></para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>

      <para>The next few sections describe each goal and provide links to
      implementation and configuration details.</para>

      <section id="testing-ctx-management">
        <title>Context management and caching</title>

        <para>The Spring TestContext Framework provides consistent loading of
        Spring <classname>ApplicationContext</classname>s and caching of those
        contexts. Support for the caching of loaded contexts is important,
        because startup time can become an issue - not because of the overhead
        of Spring itself, but because the objects instantiated by the Spring
        container take time to instantiate. For example, a project with 50 to
        100 Hibernate mapping files might take 10 to 20 seconds to load the
        mapping files, and incurring that cost before running every test in
        every test fixture leads to slower overall test runs that could reduce
        productivity.</para>

        <para>Test classes provide an array containing the resource locations
        of XML configuration metadata - typically in the classpath - that is
        used to configure the application. These locations are the same as or
        similar to the list of configuration locations specified in
        <literal>web.xml</literal> or other deployment configuration
        files.</para>

        <para>By default, once loaded, the configured
        <interfacename>ApplicationContext</interfacename> is reused for each
        test. Thus the setup cost is incurred only once (per test fixture),
        and subsequent test execution is much faster. In the unlikely case
        that a test corrupts the application context and requires reloading --
        for example, by changing a bean definition or the state of an
        application object-- a Spring testing support mechanism causes the
        test fixture to reload the configurations and rebuilds the application
        context before executing the next test.</para>

        <para>See context management and caching with the <link
        linkend="testcontext-ctx-management">TestContext
        Framework</link>.</para>
      </section>

      <section id="testing-fixture-di">
        <title>Dependency Injection of test fixtures</title>

        <para>When the TestContext framework loads your application context,
        it can optionally configure instances of your test classes via
        Dependency Injection. This provides a convenient mechanism for setting
        up test fixtures using preconfigured beans from your application
        context. A strong benefit here is that you can reuse application
        contexts across various testing scenarios (e.g., for configuring
        Spring-managed object graphs, transactional proxies,
        <classname>DataSource</classname>s, etc.), thus avoiding the need to
        duplicate complex test fixture set up for individual test
        cases.</para>

        <para>As an example, consider the scenario where we have a class,
        <classname>HibernateTitleDao</classname>, that performs data access
        logic for say, the <classname>Title</classname> domain object. We want
        to write integration tests that test all of the following
        areas:</para>

        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>The Spring configuration: basically, is everything related
            to the configuration of the
            <classname>HibernateTitleDao</classname> bean correct and
            present?</para>
          </listitem>

          <listitem>
            <para>The Hibernate mapping file configuration: is everything
            mapped correctly and are the correct lazy-loading settings in
            place?</para>
          </listitem>

          <listitem>
            <para>The logic of the <classname>HibernateTitleDao</classname>:
            does the configured instance of this class perform as
            anticipated?</para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>

        <para>See: dependency injection of test fixtures with the <link
        linkend="testcontext-fixture-di">TestContext Framework</link>.</para>
      </section>

      <section id="testing-tx">
        <title>Transaction management</title>

        <para>One common issue in tests that access a real database is their
        affect on the state of the persistence store. Even when you're using a
        development database, changes to the state may affect future tests.
        Also, many operations - such as inserting or modifying persistent data
        - cannot be performed (or verified) outside a transaction.</para>

        <para>The TestContext framework addresses this issue. By default, the
        framework will create and roll back a transaction for each test. You
        simply write code that can assume the existence of a transaction. If
        you call transactionally proxied objects in your tests, they will
        behave correctly, according to their transactional semantics. In
        addition, if test methods delete the contents of selected tables while
        running within a transaction, the transaction will roll back by
        default, and the database will return to its state prior to execution
        of the test. Transactional support is provided to your test class via
        a <classname>PlatformTransactionManager</classname> bean defined in
        the test's application context.</para>

        <para>If you want a transaction to commit - unusual, but occasionally
        useful when you want a particular test to populate or modify the
        database - the TestContext framework can be instructed to cause the
        transaction to commit instead of roll back via the <link
        linkend="integration-testing-annotations"><interfacename>@TransactionConfiguration</interfacename></link>
        and <link
        linkend="integration-testing-annotations"><interfacename>@Rollback</interfacename></link>
        annotations.</para>

        <para>See transaction management with the <link
        linkend="testcontext-tx">TestContext Framework</link>.</para>
      </section>

      <section id="testing-support-classes">
        <title>Support classes for integration testing</title>

        <para>The Spring TestContext Framework provides several
        <literal>abstract</literal> support classes that simplify the writing
        of integration tests. These base test classes provide well-defined
        hooks into the testing framework as well as convenient instance
        variables and methods, which enable you to access:</para>

        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>The <literal>ApplicationContext</literal>, for performing
            explicit bean lookups or testing the state of the context as a
            whole.</para>
          </listitem>

          <listitem>
            <para>A <classname>SimpleJdbcTemplate</classname>, for querying to
            confirm state. For example, you use an ORM tool to query before
            and after testing application code that creates an object and
            persists it<!--Revised to clarify: *you use an ORM tool to query* before and after testing app code? Or *what* is using the ORM tool to do what?-->,
            to verify that the data appears in the database. (Spring ensures
            that the query runs in the scope of the same transaction.) You
            need to tell your ORM tool to 'flush' its changes, by using, for
            example, the <methodname>flush()</methodname> method on
            Hibernate's <interfacename>Session</interfacename>
            interface.</para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>

        <para>In addition, you may want to create your own custom,
        application-wide superclass with instance variables and methods
        specific to your project.</para>

        <para>See support classes for the <link
        linkend="testcontext-support-classes">TestContext
        Framework</link>.</para>
      </section>
    </section>

    <section id="integration-testing-support-jdbc">
      <title>JDBC testing support</title>

      <para>The <literal>org.springframework.test.jdbc</literal> package
      contains <classname>SimpleJdbcTestUtils</classname>, which is a
      Java-5-based collection of JDBC related utility functions intended to
      simplify standard database testing scenarios. <emphasis>Note that <link
      linkend="testcontext-support-classes-junit38"><classname>AbstractTransactionalJUnit38SpringContextTests</classname></link>,
      <link
      linkend="testcontext-support-classes-junit4"><classname>AbstractTransactionalJUnit4SpringContextTests</classname></link>,
      and <link
      linkend="testcontext-support-classes-testng"><classname>AbstractTransactionalTestNGSpringContextTests</classname></link>
      provide convenience methods which delegate to
      <classname>SimpleJdbcTestUtils</classname> internally.</emphasis></para>
    </section>

    <section id="integration-testing-annotations">
      <title>Annotations<!--See highlighted area directly below with double-lined bar: what does this mean? Is something missing?--></title>

      <!-- =============================================================== -->

      <para>The Spring Framework provides the following set of
      <emphasis>Spring-specific</emphasis> annotations that you can use in
      your unit and integration tests in conjunction with the TestContext
      framework. Refer to the respective JavaDoc for further information,
      including default attribute values, attribute aliases, and so on.</para>

      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para><emphasis
          role="bold"><interfacename>@ContextConfiguration</interfacename></emphasis></para>

          <para>Defines class-level metadata that is used to determine how to
          load and configure an
          <interfacename>ApplicationContext</interfacename>. Specifically,
          <interfacename>@ContextConfiguration</interfacename> defines the
          application context resource <literal>locations</literal> to load as
          well as the <interfacename>ContextLoader</interfacename> strategy to
          use for loading the context.</para>

          <programlisting language="java">@ContextConfiguration(locations={"example/test-context.xml"}, loader=CustomContextLoader.class)
public class CustomConfiguredApplicationContextTests {
    <lineannotation>// class body...</lineannotation>
}</programlisting>

          <note>
            <para><interfacename>@ContextConfiguration</interfacename>
            supports <emphasis>inherited</emphasis> resource locations by
            default. See <link linkend="testcontext-ctx-management">Context
            management and caching</link> and JavaDoc for an example and
            further details.</para>
          </note>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para><emphasis
          role="bold"><interfacename>@DirtiesContext</interfacename></emphasis></para>

          <para>Indicates that the underlying Spring
          <interfacename>ApplicationContext</interfacename> has been
          <emphasis>dirtied</emphasis> (modified)<!--meaning modified (see line after bullet list)? If not, indicate in parentheses what dirtied means. If you mean corrupted, say that.-->as
          follows during the execution of a test and should be closed,
          regardless of whether the test passed:</para>

          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>After the current test class, when declared on a class
              with class mode set to <literal>AFTER_CLASS</literal>, which is
              the default class mode.</para>
            </listitem>

            <listitem>
              <para>After each test method in the current test class, when
              declared on a class with class mode set to
              <literal>AFTER_EACH_TEST_METHOD.</literal></para>
            </listitem>

            <listitem>
              <para>After the current test, when declared on a method.</para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>

          <para>Use this annotation if a test has modified the context (for
          example, by replacing a bean definition). Subsequent tests are
          supplied a new context.</para>

          <para><note>
              <title>Limitations of
              <interfacename>@DirtiesContext</interfacename> with JUnit
              3.8<!--JUnit 3.8 and earlier? Later? ONLY JUnit 3.8? Specify.--></title>

              <para>In a JUnit 3.8 environment
              <interfacename>@DirtiesContext</interfacename> is only supported
              on methods and thus not at the class level.<!--IMPORTANT: This note contradicts next paragraph re *you can use @DirtiesContext as class level annotation.* I have 

moved the note up, because you need to know this before you start reading about class level. --></para>
            </note></para>

          <para>You can use <interfacename>@DirtiesContext</interfacename> as
          a class-level and method-level annotation within the same class.
          <!--Revise to clarify here what the exception is to preceding statement; note says with JUnit 3.8 this context not supported at class level.-->In
          such scenarios, the
          <interfacename>ApplicationContext</interfacename> is marked as
          <emphasis>dirty</emphasis> after any such annotated method as well
          as after the entire class. If the <classname>ClassMode</classname>
          is set to <literal>AFTER_EACH_TEST_METHOD</literal>, the context is
          marked dirty after each test method in the class.</para>

          <programlisting language="java">@DirtiesContext
public class ContextDirtyingTests {
    <lineannotation>// some tests that result in the Spring container being dirtied</lineannotation>
}</programlisting>

          <programlisting language="java">@DirtiesContext(classMode = ClassMode.AFTER_EACH_TEST_METHOD)
public class ContextDirtyingTests {
    <lineannotation>// some tests that result in the Spring container being dirtied</lineannotation>
}</programlisting>

          <programlisting language="java">@DirtiesContext
@Test
public void testProcessWhichDirtiesAppCtx() {
    <lineannotation>// some logic that results in the Spring container being dirtied</lineannotation>
}</programlisting>

          <para>When an application context is marked
          <emphasis>dirty</emphasis>, it is removed from the testing
          framework's cache and closed; thus the underlying Spring container
          is rebuilt for any subsequent test that requires a context with the
          same set of resource locations.</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para><emphasis
          role="bold"><interfacename>@TestExecutionListeners</interfacename></emphasis></para>

          <para>Defines class-level metadata for configuring which
          <interfacename>TestExecutionListener</interfacename>s should be
          registered with a <classname>TestContextManager</classname>.
          Typically, <interfacename>@TestExecutionListeners</interfacename>
          are used in conjunction with
          <interfacename>@ContextConfiguration</interfacename>.</para>

          <programlisting language="java">@ContextConfiguration
@TestExecutionListeners({CustomTestExecutionListener.class, AnotherTestExecutionListener.class})
public class CustomTestExecutionListenerTests {
    <lineannotation>// class body...</lineannotation>
}</programlisting>

          <para><interfacename>@TestExecutionListeners</interfacename>
          supports <emphasis>inherited</emphasis> listeners by default. See
          the JavaDoc for an example and further details.</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para><emphasis
          role="bold"><interfacename>@TransactionConfiguration</interfacename></emphasis></para>

          <para>Defines class-level metadata for configuring transactional
          tests. Specifically, the bean name of the
          <interfacename>PlatformTransactionManager</interfacename> that is to
          be used to drive transactions can be explicitly configured if the
          bean name of the desired PlatformTransactionManager is not
          "transactionManager". In addition, you can change the
          <literal>defaultRollback</literal> flag to <literal>false</literal>.
          Typically, <interfacename>@TransactionConfiguration</interfacename>
          is used in conjunction with
          <interfacename>@ContextConfiguration</interfacename>.</para>

          <programlisting language="java">@ContextConfiguration
@TransactionConfiguration(transactionManager="txMgr", defaultRollback=false)
public class CustomConfiguredTransactionalTests {
    <lineannotation>// class body...</lineannotation>
}</programlisting>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para><emphasis
          role="bold"><interfacename>@Rollback</interfacename></emphasis></para>

          <para>Indicates whether the transaction for the annotated test
          method should be <emphasis>rolled back</emphasis> after the test
          method has completed. If <literal>true</literal>, the transaction is
          rolled back; otherwise, the transaction is committed. Use
          <interfacename>@Rollback</interfacename> to override the default
          rollback flag configured at the class level.</para>

          <programlisting language="java">@Rollback(false)
@Test
public void testProcessWithoutRollback() {
    <lineannotation>// ...</lineannotation>
}</programlisting>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para><emphasis
          role="bold"><interfacename>@BeforeTransaction</interfacename></emphasis></para>

          <para>Indicates that the annotated <literal>public void</literal>
          method should be executed <emphasis>before</emphasis> a transaction
          is started for test methods configured to run within a transaction
          through the <interfacename>@Transactional</interfacename>
          annotation.</para>

          <programlisting language="java">@BeforeTransaction
public void beforeTransaction() {
    <lineannotation>// logic to be executed before a transaction is started</lineannotation>
}</programlisting>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para><emphasis
          role="bold"><interfacename>@AfterTransaction</interfacename></emphasis></para>

          <para>Indicates that the annotated <literal>public void</literal>
          method should be executed <emphasis>after</emphasis> a transaction
          has ended for test methods configured to run within a transaction
          through the <interfacename>@Transactional</interfacename>
          annotation.</para>

          <programlisting language="java">@AfterTransaction
public void afterTransaction() {
    <lineannotation>// logic to be executed after a transaction has ended</lineannotation>
}</programlisting>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para><emphasis
          role="bold"><interfacename>@NotTransactional</interfacename></emphasis></para>

          <para>The presence of this annotation indicates that the annotated
          test method must <emphasis>not</emphasis> execute in a transactional
          context.</para>

          <programlisting language="java">@NotTransactional 
@Test
public void testProcessWithoutTransaction() {
    <lineannotation>// ...</lineannotation>
}</programlisting>

          <warning>
            <title>@NotTransactional is deprecated</title>

            <para>As of Spring 3.0,
            <interfacename>@NotTransactional</interfacename> is deprecated in
            favor of moving the <emphasis>non-transactional</emphasis> test
            method to a separate (non-transactional) test class or to a
            <interfacename>@BeforeTransaction</interfacename> or
            <interfacename>@AfterTransaction</interfacename> method. As an
            alternative to annotating an entire class with
            <interfacename>@Transactional</interfacename>, consider annotating
            individual methods with
            <interfacename>@Transactional</interfacename>; doing so allows a
            mix of transactional and non-transactional methods in the same
            test class without the need for using
            <interfacename>@NotTransactional</interfacename>.<!--Is text missing below? (where double bar is. Delete bar?)--></para>
          </warning>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>

      <!-- =============================================================== -->

      <para>The following annotations are <emphasis>only</emphasis> supported
      when used in conjunction with JUnit (that is., with the <link
      linkend="testcontext-junit4-runner">SpringJUnit4ClassRunner</link> or
      the <link linkend="testcontext-support-classes-junit38">JUnit
      3.8.2</link> and <link
      linkend="testcontext-support-classes-junit4">JUnit 4.5+</link> support
      classes.</para>

      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para><emphasis
          role="bold"><interfacename>@IfProfileValue</interfacename></emphasis></para>

          <para>Indicates that the annotated test is enabled for a specific
          testing environment. If the configured
          <classname>ProfileValueSource</classname> returns a matching
          <literal>value</literal> for the provided <literal>name</literal>,
          the test is enabled. This annotation can be applied to an entire
          class or to individual methods. Class-level usage overrides
          method-level usage.</para>

          <programlisting language="java">@IfProfileValue(name="java.vendor", value="Sun Microsystems Inc.")
@Test
public void testProcessWhichRunsOnlyOnSunJvm() {
    <lineannotation>// some logic that should run only on Java VMs from Sun Microsystems</lineannotation>
}</programlisting>

          <para>Alternatively, you can configure
          <interfacename>@IfProfileValue</interfacename> with a list of
          <literal>values</literal> (with <emphasis>OR</emphasis> semantics)
          to achieve TestNG-like support for <emphasis>test groups</emphasis>
          in a JUnit environment. Consider the following example:</para>

          <programlisting language="java">@IfProfileValue(name="test-groups", values={"unit-tests", "integration-tests"})
@Test
public void testProcessWhichRunsForUnitOrIntegrationTestGroups() {
    <lineannotation>// some logic that should run only for unit and integration test groups</lineannotation>
}</programlisting>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para><emphasis
          role="bold"><interfacename>@ProfileValueSourceConfiguration</interfacename></emphasis></para>

          <para>Class-level annotation that specifies what type of
          <literal>ProfileValueSource</literal> to use when retrieving
          <emphasis>profile values</emphasis> configured through the
          <interfacename>@IfProfileValue</interfacename> annotation. If
          <interfacename>@ProfileValueSourceConfiguration</interfacename> is
          not declared for a test,
          <classname>SystemProfileValueSource</classname> is used by
          default.</para>

          <programlisting language="java">@ProfileValueSourceConfiguration(CustomProfileValueSource.class)
public class CustomProfileValueSourceTests {
    <lineannotation>// class body...</lineannotation>
}</programlisting>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para><emphasis
          role="bold"><interfacename>@ExpectedException</interfacename></emphasis></para>

          <para>Indicates that the annotated test method is expected to throw
          an exception during execution. The type of the expected exception is
          provided in the annotation, and if an instance of the exception is
          thrown during the test method execution then the test passes.
          Likewise if an instance of the exception is <emphasis>not</emphasis>
          thrown during the test method execution then the test fails.</para>

          <programlisting language="java">@ExpectedException(SomeBusinessException.class)
public void testProcessRainyDayScenario() {
    <lineannotation>// some logic that should result in an <classname>Exception</classname> being thrown</lineannotation>
}</programlisting>

          <para>Using Spring's
          <interfacename>@ExpectedException</interfacename> annotation in
          conjunction with JUnit 4's
          <interfacename>@Test(expected=...)</interfacename> configuration
          would lead to an unresolvable conflict. Developers must therefore
          choose one or the other when integrating with JUnit 4, in which case
          it is generally preferable to use the explicit JUnit 4
          configuration.</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para><emphasis
          role="bold"><interfacename>@Timed</interfacename></emphasis></para>

          <para>Indicates that the annotated test method must finish execution
          in a specified time period (in milliseconds). If the text execution
          time exceeds the specified time period, the test fails.</para>

          <para>The time period includes execution of the test method itself,
          any repetitions of the test (see
          <interfacename>@Repeat</interfacename>), as well as any
          <emphasis>set up</emphasis> or <emphasis>tear down</emphasis> of the
          test fixture.</para>

          <programlisting language="java">@Timed(millis=1000)
public void testProcessWithOneSecondTimeout() {
    <lineannotation>// some logic that should not take longer than 1 second to execute</lineannotation>
}</programlisting>

          <para>Spring's <interfacename>@Timed</interfacename> annotation has
          different semantics than JUnit 4's
          <interfacename>@Test(timeout=...)</interfacename> support.
          Specifically, due to the manner in which JUnit 4 handles test
          execution timeouts (that is, by executing the test method in a
          separate <classname>Thread</classname>),
          <interfacename>@Test(timeout=...)</interfacename> applies to
          <emphasis>each iteration</emphasis> in the case of repetitions and
          preemptively fails the test if the test takes too long. Spring's
          <interfacename>@Timed</interfacename>, on the other hand, times the
          <emphasis>total</emphasis> test execution time (including all
          repetitions) and does not preemptively fail the test but rather
          waits for the test to complete before failing.</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para><emphasis
          role="bold"><interfacename>@Repeat</interfacename></emphasis></para>

          <para>Indicates that the annotated test method must be executed
          repeatedly. The number of times that the test method is to be
          executed is specified in the annotation.</para>

          <para>The scope of execution to be repeated includes execution of
          the test method itself as well as any <emphasis>set up</emphasis> or
          <emphasis>tear down</emphasis> of the test fixture.<!--GLOBAL: What is up with highlighted double bars throughout this file?--></para>

          <programlisting language="java">@Repeat(10)
@Test
public void testProcessRepeatedly() {
    <lineannotation>// ...</lineannotation>
}</programlisting>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>

      <!-- =============================================================== -->

      <para>The following non-test-specific annotations are supported with
      standard semantics for all configurations of the Spring TestContext
      Framework.</para>

      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para><emphasis
          role="bold"><interfacename>@Autowired</interfacename></emphasis></para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para><emphasis
          role="bold"><interfacename>@Qualifier</interfacename></emphasis></para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para><emphasis
          role="bold"><interfacename>@Resource</interfacename></emphasis>
          (javax.annotation) <emphasis>if JSR-250 is present</emphasis></para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para><emphasis
          role="bold"><interfacename>@Inject</interfacename></emphasis>
          (javax.inject) <emphasis>if JSR-330 is present</emphasis></para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para><emphasis
          role="bold"><interfacename>@Qualifier</interfacename></emphasis>
          (javax.inject) <emphasis>if JSR-330 is present</emphasis></para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para><emphasis
          role="bold"><interfacename>@Named</interfacename></emphasis>
          (javax.inject) <emphasis>if JSR-330 is present</emphasis></para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para><emphasis
          role="bold"><interfacename>@Provider</interfacename></emphasis>
          (javax.inject) <emphasis>if JSR-330 is present</emphasis></para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para><emphasis
          role="bold"><interfacename>@PersistenceContext</interfacename></emphasis>
          (javax.persistence) <emphasis>if JPA is present</emphasis></para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para><emphasis
          role="bold"><interfacename>@PersistenceUnit</interfacename></emphasis>
          (javax.persistence) <emphasis>if JPA is present</emphasis></para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para><emphasis
          role="bold"><interfacename>@Required</interfacename></emphasis></para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para><emphasis
          role="bold"><interfacename>@Transactional</interfacename></emphasis></para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
    </section>

    <section id="testcontext-framework">
      <title>Spring TestContext Framework</title>

      <para>The <emphasis>Spring <classname>TestContext</classname>
      Framework</emphasis> (located in the
      <literal>org.springframework.test.context</literal> package) provides
      generic, annotation-driven unit and integration testing support that is
      agnostic of the testing framework in use, whether JUnit 3.8.2, JUnit
      4.5+, TestNG 5.10, and so on. The TestContext framework also places a
      great deal of importance on <emphasis>convention over
      configuration</emphasis> with reasonable defaults that can be overridden
      through annotation-based configuration.</para>

      <para>In addition to generic testing infrastructure, the TestContext
      framework provides explicit support for JUnit 3.8.2, JUnit 4.5+, and
      TestNG 5.10 in the form of <literal>abstract</literal> support classes.
      For JUnit 4.5+, the framework also provides a custom
      <interfacename>Runner</interfacename> that allows one to write test
      classes that are not required to extend a particular class
      hierarchy.</para>

      <para>The following section provides an overview of the internals of the
      TestContext framework. If you are only interested in using the framework
      and not necessarily interested in extending it with your own custom
      listeners, feel free to go directly to the configuration (<link
      linkend="testcontext-ctx-management">context management</link>, <link
      linkend="testcontext-fixture-di">dependency injection</link>, <link
      linkend="testcontext-tx">transaction management</link>), <link
      linkend="testcontext-support-classes">support classes</link>, and <link
      linkend="integration-testing-annotations">annotation support</link>
      sections.</para>

      <!-- ================================================================= -->

      <section id="testcontext-key-abstractions">
        <title>Key abstractions</title>

        <para>The core of the framework consists of the
        <classname>TestContext</classname> and
        <classname>TestContextManager</classname> classes and the
        <interfacename>TestExecutionListener</interfacename> interface. A
        <classname>TestContextManager</classname> is created on a per-test
        basis. The <classname>TestContextManager</classname> in turn manages a
        <classname>TestContext</classname> that holds the context of the
        current test. The <classname>TestContextManager</classname> also
        updates the state of the <classname>TestContext</classname> as the
        test progresses and delegates to
        <interfacename>TestExecutionListener</interfacename>s, which
        instrument the actual test execution, by providing dependency
        injection, managing transactions, and so on. Consult the JavaDoc and
        the Spring test suite for further information and examples of various
        configurations.</para>

        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para><classname>TestContext</classname>: Encapsulates the context
            in which a test is executed, agnostic of the actual testing
            framework in use.</para>
          </listitem>

          <listitem>
            <para><classname>TestContextManager</classname>: The main entry
            point into the <emphasis>Spring TestContext Framework</emphasis>,
            which manages a single <classname>TestContext</classname> and
            signals events to all registered
            <interfacename>TestExecutionListener</interfacename>s at
            well-defined test execution points: test instance preparation,
            prior to any <emphasis>before methods</emphasis> of a particular
            testing framework, and after any <emphasis>after
            methods</emphasis> of a particular testing framework.</para>
          </listitem>

          <listitem>
            <para><interfacename>TestExecutionListener</interfacename>:
            Defines a <emphasis>listener</emphasis> API for reacting to test
            execution events published by the
            <classname>TestContextManager</classname> with which the listener
            is registered.</para>

            <para>Spring provides three
            <interfacename>TestExecutionListener</interfacename>
            implementations that are configured by default:
            <classname>DependencyInjectionTestExecutionListener</classname><classname>,
            DirtiesContextTestExecutionListener</classname>, and
            <classname>TransactionalTestExecutionListener</classname>.
            Respectively, they support dependency injection of the test
            instance, handling of the
            <interfacename>@DirtiesContext</interfacename> annotation, and
            transactional test execution with default rollback
            semantics.</para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>

        <para>The following three sections explain how to configure the
        <classname>TestContext</classname> framework through annotations and
        provide working examples of how to write unit and integration tests
        with the framework.</para>
      </section>

      <!-- ================================================================= -->

      <section id="testcontext-ctx-management">
        <title>Context management and caching</title>

        <para>Each <classname>TestContext</classname> provides context
        management and caching support for the test instance for which it is
        responsible. Test instances do not automatically receive access to the
        configured <classname>ApplicationContext</classname>. However, if a
        test class implements the
        <interfacename>ApplicationContextAware</interfacename> interface, a
        reference to the <classname>ApplicationContext</classname> is supplied
        to the test instance, if the
        <classname>DependencyInjectionTestExecutionListener</classname> is
        configured, which is the default.
        <classname>AbstractJUnit38SpringContextTests</classname>,
        <classname>AbstractJUnit4SpringContextTests</classname>, and
        <classname>AbstractTestNGSpringContextTests</classname> already
        implement <interfacename>ApplicationContextAware</interfacename> and
        therefore provide this functionality out-of-the-box.</para>

        <tip>
          <title>@Autowired ApplicationContext</title>

          <para>As an alternative to implementing the
          <interfacename>ApplicationContextAware</interfacename> interface,
          you can inject the application context for your test class through
          the <interfacename>@Autowired</interfacename> annotation on either a
          field or setter method. For example:</para>

          <programlisting language="java">@RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class)
@ContextConfiguration
public class MyTest {

    <emphasis role="bold">@Autowired</emphasis>
    private ApplicationContext applicationContext;

    <lineannotation>// class body...</lineannotation>
}</programlisting>
        </tip>

        <para>In contrast to the now deprecated JUnit 3.8 legacy class
        hierarchy, test classes that use the TestContext framework do not need
        to override any <literal>protected</literal> instance methods to
        configure their application context. Rather, configuration is achieved
        merely by declaring the
        <interfacename>@ContextConfiguration</interfacename> annotation at the
        class level. If your test class does not explicitly declare
        application context resource <literal>locations</literal>, the
        configured <interfacename>ContextLoader</interfacename> determines how
        and whether to load a context from a default set of locations. For
        example, <classname>GenericXmlContextLoader</classname> , which is the
        default <interfacename>ContextLoader</interfacename>, generates a
        default location based on the name of the test class. If your class is
        named <literal>com.example.MyTest</literal>,
        <classname>GenericXmlContextLoader</classname> loads your application
        context from
        <literal>"classpath:/com/example/MyTest-context.xml"</literal>.</para>

        <programlisting language="java">package com.example;

@RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class)
<lineannotation>// ApplicationContext will be loaded from <literal>"classpath:/com/example/MyTest-context.xml"</literal></lineannotation>
<emphasis role="bold">@ContextConfiguration</emphasis>
public class MyTest {
    <lineannotation>// class body...</lineannotation>
}</programlisting>

        <para>If the default location does not suit your needs, you can
        configure explicitly the <literal>locations</literal> attribute of
        <interfacename>@ContextConfiguration</interfacename> with an array
        that contains the resource locations of XML configuration metadata
        (assuming an XML-capable <interfacename>ContextLoader</interfacename>
        has been configured) - typically in the classpath<!--*what* is in the classpath? This sentence is confusing. Please revise.-->
        - used to configure the application. (See the following code example.)
        This location will be the same, or nearly the same, as the list of
        configuration locations specified in <literal>web.xml</literal> or
        other deployment configuration. Alternatively, you can implement and
        configure your own custom
        <interfacename>ContextLoader</interfacename>.</para>

        <programlisting language="java">@RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class)
<lineannotation>// ApplicationContext will be loaded from <literal>"/applicationContext.xml"</literal> and <literal>"/applicationContext-test.xml"</literal></lineannotation>
<lineannotation>// in the root of the classpath</lineannotation>
<emphasis role="bold">@ContextConfiguration({"/applicationContext.xml", "/applicationContext-test.xml"})</emphasis>
public class MyTest {
    <lineannotation>// class body...</lineannotation>
}</programlisting>

        <para><interfacename>@ContextConfiguration</interfacename> supports an
        alias for the <literal>locations</literal> attribute through the
        standard <literal>value</literal> attribute. Thus, if you do not need
        to configure a custom <interfacename>ContextLoader</interfacename>,
        you can omit the declaration of the <literal>locations</literal>
        attribute name and declare the resource locations by using the
        shorthand format demonstrated in the following example.
        <interfacename>@ContextConfiguration</interfacename> also supports a
        boolean <literal>inheritLocations</literal> attribute that denotes
        whether resource locations from superclasses should be
        <emphasis>inherited</emphasis>. The default value is
        <literal>true</literal>, which means that an annotated class inherits
        the resource locations defined by an annotated superclass.
        Specifically, the resource locations for an annotated class are
        appended to the list of resource locations defined by an annotated
        superclass. Thus, subclasses have the option of
        <emphasis>extending</emphasis> the list of resource locations. In the
        following example, the
        <interfacename>ApplicationContext</interfacename> for
        <classname>ExtendedTest</classname> is loaded from "/base-context.xml"
        <emphasis role="bold">and</emphasis> "/extended-context.xml", in that
        order. Beans defined in "/extended-context.xml" may therefore override
        those defined in "/base-context.xml".</para>

        <programlisting language="java">@RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class)
<lineannotation>// ApplicationContext will be loaded from <literal>"/base-context.xml"</literal> in the root of the classpath</lineannotation>
<emphasis role="bold">@ContextConfiguration("/base-context.xml")</emphasis>
public class BaseTest {
    <lineannotation>// class body...</lineannotation>
}

<lineannotation>// ApplicationContext will be loaded from <literal>"/base-context.xml"</literal> and <literal>"/extended-context.xml"</literal></lineannotation>
<lineannotation>// in the root of the classpath</lineannotation>
<emphasis role="bold">@ContextConfiguration("/extended-context.xml")</emphasis>
public class ExtendedTest extends BaseTest {
    <lineannotation>// class body...</lineannotation>
}</programlisting>

        <para>If <literal>inheritLocations</literal> is set to
        <literal>false</literal>, the resource locations for the annotated
        class shadows and effectively replaces any resource locations defined
        by a superclass.</para>

        <para>By default, once loaded, the configured
        <interfacename>ApplicationContext</interfacename> is reused for each
        test. Thus the setup cost is incurred only once (per test fixture),
        and subsequent test execution is much faster. In the unlikely case
        that a test dirties (modifies)<!--dirty means modify? If not, revise to say what it does mean. If corrupted, say that.-->
        the application context, requiring reloading -- for example, by
        changing a bean definition or the state of an application object --
        you can annotate your test method with
        <interfacename>@DirtiesContext</interfacename> (assuming
        <classname>DirtiesContextTestExecutionListener</classname> has been
        configured, which is the default) to cause the test fixture to reload
        the configurations and rebuild the application context before
        executing the next test. </para>
      </section>

      <!-- ================================================================= -->

      <section id="testcontext-fixture-di">
        <title>Dependency Injection of test fixtures</title>

        <para>When you configure the
        <classname>DependencyInjectionTestExecutionListener</classname> --
        which is configured by default through the
        <interfacename>@TestExecutionListeners</interfacename> annotation--
        the dependencies of your test instances are
        <emphasis>injected</emphasis> from beans in the application context
        you configured through
        <interfacename>@ContextConfiguration</interfacename> by setter
        injection, field injection, or both, depending on which annotations
        you choose and whether you place them on setter methods or fields. For
        consistency with the annotation support introduced in Spring 2.5, you
        can use Spring's <interfacename>@Autowired</interfacename> annotation
        or the <interfacename>@Resource</interfacename> annotation from JSR
        250. The semantics for both are consistent throughout the Spring
        Framework. For example, if you prefer <link
        linkend="beans-factory-autowire"><emphasis>autowiring by
        type</emphasis></link>, annotate your setter methods or fields with
        <interfacename>@Autowired</interfacename>. If you prefer to have your
        dependencies injected <emphasis>by name</emphasis>, annotate your
        setter methods or fields with
        <interfacename>@Resource</interfacename>.</para>

        <tip>
          <para>The TestContext framework does not instrument the manner in
          which a test instance is instantiated. Thus the use of
          <interfacename>@Autowired</interfacename> for constructors has no
          effect for test classes.</para>
        </tip>

        <para>Because <interfacename>@Autowired</interfacename> performs <link
        linkend="beans-factory-autowire"><emphasis>autowiring by
        type</emphasis></link>, if you have multiple bean definitions of the
        same type, you cannot rely on this approach for those particular
        beans. In that case, you can use
        <interfacename>@Resource</interfacename> for injection <emphasis>by
        name</emphasis>. Alternatively, if your test class has access to its
        <classname>ApplicationContext</classname>, you can perform an explicit
        lookup by using (for example) a call to
        <methodname>applicationContext.getBean("titleDao")</methodname>. A
        third option is to use <interfacename>@Autowired</interfacename> in
        conjunction with <interfacename>@Qualifier</interfacename>.</para>

        <para>If you do not want dependency injection applied to your test
        instances, simply do not annotate fields or setter methods with
        <interfacename>@Autowired</interfacename> or
        <interfacename>@Resource</interfacename>. Alternatively, you can
        disable dependency injection altogether by explicitly configuring your
        class with <interfacename>@TestExecutionListeners</interfacename> and
        omitting
        <literal>DependencyInjectionTestExecutionListener.class</literal> from
        the list of listeners.</para>

        <para>Consider the scenario of a class,
        <classname>HibernateTitleDao</classname>, as outlined in the <link
        linkend="testing-fixture-di">Goals</link> section. (We will look at
        the application context configuration after all sample code listings.)
        A JUnit 4-based implementation of the test class itself uses
        <interfacename>@Autowired</interfacename> for field injection. <!--Refer to following code listing; indicate what it shows.--></para>

        <note>
          <para>The dependency injection behavior in the following code
          listings is not in any way specific to JUnit 4. The same DI
          techniques can be used in conjunction with any testing
          framework.</para>

          <para>The following examples make calls to static assertion methods
          such as <literal>assertNotNull()</literal> but without prepending
          the call with <literal>Assert</literal>. In such cases, assume that
          the method was properly imported through an <literal>import
          static</literal> declaration that is not shown in the
          example.</para>
        </note>

        <programlisting language="java">@RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class)
<lineannotation>// specifies the Spring configuration to load for this test fixture</lineannotation>
<emphasis role="bold">@ContextConfiguration("daos.xml")</emphasis>
public final class HibernateTitleDaoTests {

    <lineannotation>// this instance will be dependency injected <emphasis
              role="bold">by type</emphasis></lineannotation>
    <emphasis role="bold">@Autowired</emphasis>    
    private HibernateTitleDao titleDao;

    public void testLoadTitle() throws Exception {
        Title title = this.titleDao.loadTitle(new Long(10));
        assertNotNull(title);
    }
}</programlisting>

        <!-- =============================================================== -->

        <para>Alternatively, you can configure the class to use
        <interfacename>@Autowired</interfacename> for setter injection.</para>

        <programlisting language="java">@RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class)
<lineannotation>// specifies the Spring configuration to load for this test fixture</lineannotation>
<emphasis role="bold">@ContextConfiguration("daos.xml")</emphasis>
public final class HibernateTitleDaoTests {

    <lineannotation>// this instance will be dependency injected <emphasis
              role="bold">by type</emphasis></lineannotation>
    private HibernateTitleDao titleDao;

    <emphasis role="bold">@Autowired</emphasis>
    public void setTitleDao(HibernateTitleDao titleDao) {
        this.titleDao = titleDao;
    }

    public void testLoadTitle() throws Exception {
        Title title = this.titleDao.loadTitle(new Long(10));
        assertNotNull(title);
    }
}</programlisting>

        <!-- =============================================================== -->

        <para>Here is an example of <interfacename>@Resource</interfacename>
        for field injection.</para>

        <programlisting language="java">@RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class)
<lineannotation>// specifies the Spring configuration to load for this test fixture</lineannotation>
<emphasis role="bold">@ContextConfiguration("daos.xml")</emphasis>
public final class HibernateTitleDaoTests {

    <lineannotation>// this instance will be dependency injected <emphasis
              role="bold">by name</emphasis></lineannotation>
    <emphasis role="bold">@Resource</emphasis>
    private HibernateTitleDao titleDao;

    public void testLoadTitle() throws Exception {
        Title title = this.titleDao.loadTitle(new Long(10));
        assertNotNull(title);
    }
}</programlisting>

        <!-- =============================================================== -->

        <para>Here is an example of <interfacename>@Resource</interfacename>
        for setter injection.</para>

        <programlisting language="java">@RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class)
<lineannotation>// specifies the Spring configuration to load for this test fixture</lineannotation>
<emphasis role="bold">@ContextConfiguration("daos.xml")</emphasis>
public final class HibernateTitleDaoTests {

    <lineannotation>// this instance will be dependency injected <emphasis
              role="bold">by name</emphasis></lineannotation>
    private HibernateTitleDao titleDao;
    
    <emphasis role="bold">@Resource</emphasis>
    public void setTitleDao(HibernateTitleDao titleDao) {
        this.titleDao = titleDao;
    }

    public void testLoadTitle() throws Exception {
        Title title = this.titleDao.loadTitle(new Long(10));
        assertNotNull(title);
    }
}</programlisting>

        <!-- =============================================================== -->

        <para>The preceding code listings use the same XML context file
        referenced by the <interfacename>@ContextConfiguration</interfacename>
        annotation (that is, <literal>daos.xml</literal>), which looks like
        this:</para>

        <programlisting language="xml">&lt;?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?&gt;
&lt;beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" 
       xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
       xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans 
           http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-3.0.xsd"&gt;

    <lineannotation>&lt;!-- this bean will be injected into the <classname>HibernateTitleDaoTests</classname> class --&gt;</lineannotation>
    &lt;bean id="<emphasis role="bold">titleDao</emphasis>" class="<emphasis
            role="bold">com.foo.dao.hibernate.HibernateTitleDao</emphasis>"&gt;
        &lt;property name="sessionFactory" ref="sessionFactory"/&gt;
    &lt;/bean&gt;
    
    &lt;bean id="sessionFactory" 
				class="org.springframework.orm.hibernate3.LocalSessionFactoryBean"&gt;
        <lineannotation>&lt;!-- dependencies elided for clarity --&gt;</lineannotation>
    &lt;/bean&gt;

&lt;/beans&gt;</programlisting>

        <note>
          <para>If you are extending from a Spring-provided test base class
          that happens to use <interfacename>@Autowired</interfacename> on one
          of its setter methods, you might have multiple beans of the affected
          type defined in your application context: for example, multiple
          <interfacename>DataSource</interfacename> beans. In such a case, you
          can override the setter and use the
          <interfacename>@Qualifier</interfacename> annotation to indicate a
          specific target bean as follows:</para>

          <programlisting language="java"><lineannotation>// ...</lineannotation>

    @Autowired
    @Override
    public void setDataSource(<emphasis role="bold">@Qualifier("myDataSource")</emphasis> DataSource dataSource) {
        super.setDataSource(dataSource);
    }

<lineannotation>// ...</lineannotation></programlisting>

          <para>The specified qualifier value indicates the specific
          <interfacename>DataSource</interfacename> bean to inject, narrowing
          the set of type matches to a specific bean. Its value is matched
          against <literal>&lt;qualifier&gt;</literal> declarations within the
          corresponding <literal>&lt;bean&gt;</literal> definitions. The bean
          name is used as a fallback qualifier value, so you may effectively
          also point to a specific bean by name there (as shown above,
          assuming that "myDataSource" is the bean id). If there is only one
          <interfacename>DataSource</interfacename> bean to begin with, then
          the qualifier does not have any effect, independent from the bean
          name of that single matching bean.<!--What about the bean name of the single matching bean? Relate to rest of the sentence.--></para>

          <para>Alternatively, consider using the
          <interfacename>@Resource</interfacename> annotation on such
          overridden setter methods, defining the target bean name explicitly,
          with no type matching semantics. Note that this <!--Revise preceding: indicate *what* always points to a bean with that specific name.-->always
          points to a bean with that specific name, no matter whether there is
          one or more beans of the given type.</para>

          <programlisting language="java"><lineannotation>// ...</lineannotation>

    <emphasis role="bold">@Resource("myDataSource")</emphasis>
    @Override
    public void setDataSource(DataSource dataSource) {
        super.setDataSource(dataSource);
    }

<lineannotation>// ...</lineannotation></programlisting>
        </note>
      </section>

      <!-- ================================================================= -->

      <section id="testcontext-tx">
        <title>Transaction management</title>

        <para>In the TestContext framework, transactions are managed by the
        <classname>TransactionalTestExecutionListener</classname>, which is
        configured through the
        <interfacename>@TestExecutionListeners</interfacename> annotation by
        default, even if you do not explicitly declare
        <interfacename>@TestExecutionListeners</interfacename> on your test
        class. To enable support for transactions, however, you must provide a
        <classname>PlatformTransactionManager</classname> bean in the
        application context loaded by
        <interfacename>@ContextConfiguration</interfacename> semantics. In
        addition, you must declare
        <interfacename>@Transactional</interfacename> either at the class or
        method level.</para>

        <para>For class-level transaction configuration (that is, setting the
        bean name for the transaction manager and the default rollback flag),
        see the <interfacename>@TransactionConfiguration</interfacename> entry
        in the <link linkend="integration-testing-annotations">annotation
        support</link> section.</para>

        <para>If transactions are not enabled for the entire test class, you
        can annotate methods explicitly with
        <interfacename>@Transactional</interfacename>. To control whether a
        transaction should commit for a particular test method, you can use
        the <interfacename>@Rollback</interfacename> annotation to override
        the class-level default rollback setting.</para>

        <para><emphasis><link
        linkend="testcontext-support-classes-junit38"><classname>AbstractTransactionalJUnit38SpringContextTests</classname></link>,
        <link
        linkend="testcontext-support-classes-junit4"><classname>AbstractTransactionalJUnit4SpringContextTests</classname></link>,
        and <link
        linkend="testcontext-support-classes-testng"><classname>AbstractTransactionalTestNGSpringContextTests</classname></link>
        are preconfigured for transactional support at the class level.
        </emphasis></para>

        <para>Occasionally you need to execute certain code before or after a
        transactional test method but outside the transactional context, for
        example, to verify the initial database state prior to execution of
        your test or to verify expected transactional commit behavior after
        test execution (for example, if the test was configured not to roll
        back the transaction).
        <classname>TransactionalTestExecutionListener</classname> supports the
        <interfacename>@BeforeTransaction</interfacename> and
        <interfacename>@AfterTransaction</interfacename> annotations exactly
        for such scenarios. Simply annotate any <literal>public void</literal>
        method in your test class with one of these annotations, and the
        <classname>TransactionalTestExecutionListener</classname> ensures that
        your <emphasis>before transaction method</emphasis> or <emphasis>after
        transaction method</emphasis> is executed at the appropriate
        time.</para>

        <tip>
          <para>Any <emphasis>before methods</emphasis> (for example, methods
          annotated with JUnit 4's @Before) and any <emphasis>after
          methods</emphasis> (such as methods annotated with JUnit 4's @After)
          are executed <emphasis role="bold">within</emphasis> a transaction.
          In addition, methods annotated with
          <interfacename>@BeforeTransaction</interfacename> or
          <interfacename>@AfterTransaction</interfacename> are naturally not
          executed for tests annotated with
          <interfacename>@NotTransactional</interfacename>. However,
          <interfacename>@NotTransactional</interfacename> is deprecated as of
          Spring 3.0.</para>
        </tip>

        <para>The following JUnit 4 based example displays a fictitious
        integration testing scenario highlighting several transaction-related
        annotations. Consult the <link
        linkend="integration-testing-annotations">annotation support</link>
        section of the reference manual <!--If by reference manual you mean this manual, delete *of the reference manual*. If you mean another book, give name of it.-->for
        further information and configuration examples.</para>

        <programlisting language="java">@RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class)
@ContextConfiguration
<emphasis role="bold">@TransactionConfiguration(transactionManager="txMgr", defaultRollback=false)</emphasis>
<emphasis role="bold">@Transactional</emphasis>
public class FictitiousTransactionalTest {

    <emphasis role="bold">@BeforeTransaction</emphasis>
    public void verifyInitialDatabaseState() {
        <lineannotation>// logic to verify the initial state before a transaction is started</lineannotation>
    }

    @Before
    public void setUpTestDataWithinTransaction() {
        <lineannotation>// set up test data within the transaction</lineannotation>
    }

    @Test
    <lineannotation>// overrides the class-level defaultRollback setting</lineannotation>
    <emphasis role="bold">@Rollback(true)</emphasis>
    public void modifyDatabaseWithinTransaction() {
        <lineannotation>// logic which uses the test data and modifies database state</lineannotation>
    }

    @After
    public void tearDownWithinTransaction() {
        <lineannotation>// execute "tear down" logic within the transaction</lineannotation>
    }

    <emphasis role="bold">@AfterTransaction</emphasis>
    public void verifyFinalDatabaseState() {
        <lineannotation>// logic to verify the final state after transaction has rolled back</lineannotation>
    }

}</programlisting>

        <note>
          <title>Avoid false positives when testing ORM code</title>

          <para>When you test code involving an ORM framework such as JPA or
          Hibernate, <emphasis>flush</emphasis> the underlying session within
          test methods<!--Revise remainder of sentence: *,which updates (note comma and s) the state of the session* OR *that (not *which*) update the state of
the session.* Two different meanings.--> which update the state of the
          session. Failing to flush the ORM framework's underlying session can
          produce <emphasis>false positives</emphasis>: your test may pass,
          but the same code throws an exception in a live, production
          environment. In the following Hibernate-based example test case, one
          method demonstrates a false positive and the other method correctly
          exposes the results of flushing the session.</para>

          <programlisting language="java"><lineannotation>// ...</lineannotation>

@Autowired
private SessionFactory sessionFactory;

@Test // no expected exception!
public void falsePositive() {
    updateEntityInHibernateSession();
    // False positive: an exception will be thrown once the session is
    // finally flushed (i.e., in production code)
}

@Test(expected = GenericJDBCException.class)
public void updateWithSessionFlush() {
    updateEntityInHibernateSession();
    // Manual flush is required to avoid false positive in test
    sessionFactory.getCurrentSession().flush();
}

<lineannotation>// ...</lineannotation></programlisting>
        </note>
      </section>

      <!-- ================================================================= -->

      <section id="testcontext-support-classes">
        <title>TestContext support classes</title>

        <section id="testcontext-support-classes-junit38">
          <title>JUnit 3.8 support classes</title>

          <para>The
          <literal>org.springframework.test.context.junit38</literal> package
          provides support classes for JUnit 3.8 based test cases.</para>

          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para><classname>AbstractJUnit38SpringContextTests</classname>:
              Abstract <classname>TestCase</classname> that integrates the
              <emphasis>Spring TestContext Framework</emphasis> with explicit
              <classname>ApplicationContext</classname> testing support in a
              JUnit 3.8 environment. When you extend the
              <classname>AbstractJUnit38SpringContextTests</classname> class,
              you need access to the following <literal>protected</literal>
              instance variables:<!--Either provide more variables or change *variables* above to *variable*. Also revise to indicate: you need access to this variable *in order*

to extend aforementioned class? Not sure what preceding is saying.Next bullet point says when you extend the class, you *have* access

to variables. i.e. extending class is what gives you access.--></para>

              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para><literal>applicationContext</literal>: Perform
                  explicit bean lookups or test the state of the context as a
                  whole.</para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
            </listitem>

            <listitem>
              <para><classname>AbstractTransactionalJUnit38SpringContextTests</classname>:
              Abstract <emphasis>transactional</emphasis> extension of
              <classname>AbstractJUnit38SpringContextTests</classname> that
              also adds some convenience functionality for JDBC access.
              Expects a <classname>javax.sql.DataSource</classname> bean and a
              <interfacename>PlatformTransactionManager</interfacename> bean
              to be defined in the <classname>ApplicationContext</classname>.
              When you extend the
              <classname>AbstractTransactionalJUnit38SpringContextTests</classname>
              class, you will have access to the following
              <literal>protected</literal> instance variables:</para>

              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para><literal>applicationContext</literal>: Inherited from
                  the <classname>AbstractJUnit38SpringContextTests</classname>
                  superclass. Use this variable to perform explicit bean
                  lookups or to test the state of the context as a
                  whole.</para>
                </listitem>

                <listitem>
                  <para><literal>simpleJdbcTemplate</literal>: Useful for
                  querying to confirm state. For example, use an ORM tool to
                  query before and after testing application code that creates
                  an object and persists it, <!--Revise sentence to indicate who or what uses ORM tool to do what. You use an ORM tool to query before and after testing app

code, etc? Or what? If my rewording is wrong, revise to clarify. What does using an ORM tool have to do with simpleJdbcTemplate?-->to
                  verify that the data appears in the database. (Spring
                  ensures that the query runs in the scope of the same
                  transaction.) You need to tell your ORM tool to 'flush' its
                  changes for this to work correctly by, for example, using
                  the <methodname>flush()</methodname> method on Hibernate's
                  <classname>Session</classname> interface.</para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
        </section>

        <section id="testcontext-support-classes-junit4">
          <title>JUnit 4.5+ support classes</title>

          <para>The <literal>org.springframework.test.context.junit4</literal>
          package provides support classes for JUnit 4.5+ based test
          cases.</para>

          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para><classname>AbstractJUnit4SpringContextTests</classname>:
              Abstract base test class that integrates the <emphasis>Spring
              TestContext Framework</emphasis> with explicit
              <classname>ApplicationContext</classname> testing support in a
              JUnit 4.5+ environment.</para>

              <para>When you extend
              <classname>AbstractJUnit4SpringContextTests</classname>, you can
              access the following <literal>protected</literal> instance
              variable:</para>

              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para><literal>applicationContext</literal>: Perform
                  explicit bean lookups or test the state of the context as a
                  whole.</para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
            </listitem>

            <listitem>
              <para><classname>AbstractTransactionalJUnit4SpringContextTests</classname>:
              Abstract <emphasis>transactional</emphasis> extension of
              <classname>AbstractJUnit4SpringContextTests</classname> that
              also adds some convenience functionality for JDBC access.
              Expects a <classname>javax.sql.DataSource</classname> bean and a
              <interfacename>PlatformTransactionManager</interfacename> bean
              to be defined in the <classname>ApplicationContext</classname>.
              When you extend
              <classname>AbstractTransactionalJUnit4SpringContextTests</classname>
              you can access the following <literal>protected</literal>
              instance variables:</para>

              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para><literal>applicationContext</literal>: Inherited from
                  the <classname>AbstractJUnit4SpringContextTests</classname>
                  superclass. Perform explicit bean lookups or test the state
                  of the context as a whole.</para>
                </listitem>

                <listitem>
                  <para><literal>simpleJdbcTemplate</literal>: Useful for
                  querying to confirm state. For example, use an ORM tool to
                  query before and after testing application code that creates
                  an object and persists it, to verify that the data appears
                  in the database. <!--Same query applies here as with same text in previous section.-->(Spring
                  ensures that the query runs in the scope of the same
                  transaction.) You need to tell your ORM tool to 'flush' its
                  changes for this to work correctly by, for example, using
                  the <methodname>flush()</methodname> method on Hibernate's
                  <classname>Session</classname> interface.</para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>

          <tip>
            <para>These classes are a convenience for extension. If you do not
            want your test classes to be tied to a Spring-specific class
            hierarchy -- for example, if you want to extend directly the class
            you are testing -- you can configure your own custom test classes
            by using
            <interfacename>@RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class)</interfacename>,
            <interfacename>@ContextConfiguration</interfacename>,
            <interfacename>@TestExecutionListeners</interfacename>, and so
            on.</para>
          </tip>
        </section>

        <section id="testcontext-junit4-runner">
          <title>Custom JUnit 4.5+ Runner</title>

          <para>The <emphasis>Spring TestContext Framework</emphasis> offers
          full integration with JUnit 4.5+ through a custom runner (tested on
          JUnit 4.5, 4.6, and 4.7). By annotating test classes with
          <literal>@Runwith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class)</literal>,
          developers can implement standard JUnit 4.5+ unit and integration
          tests and simultaneously reap the benefits of the TestContext
          framework such as support for loading application contexts,
          dependency injection of test instances, transactional test method
          execution, and so on. The following code listing displays the
          minimal requirements for configuring a test class to run with the
          custom Spring Runner. @TestExecutionListeners is configured with an
          empty list in order to disable the default listeners, which
          otherwise would require an ApplicationContext to be configured
          through @ContextConfiguration.</para>

          <programlisting language="java">@RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class)
@TestExecutionListeners({})
public class SimpleTest {

    @Test
    public void testMethod() {
        <lineannotation>// execute test logic...</lineannotation>
    }
}</programlisting>
        </section>

        <section id="testcontext-support-classes-testng">
          <title>TestNG support classes</title>

          <para>The <literal>org.springframework.test.context.testng</literal>
          package provides support classes for TestNG based test cases.</para>

          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para><classname>AbstractTestNGSpringContextTests</classname>:
              Abstract base test class that integrates the <emphasis>Spring
              TestContext Framework</emphasis> with explicit
              <classname>ApplicationContext</classname> testing support in a
              TestNG environment.</para>

              <para>When you extend
              <classname>AbstractTestNGSpringContextTests</classname> you can
              access the following <literal>protected</literal> instance
              variable:</para>

              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para><literal>applicationContext</literal>: Perform
                  explicit bean lookups or test the state of the context as a
                  whole.</para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
            </listitem>

            <listitem>
              <para><classname>AbstractTransactionalTestNGSpringContextTests</classname>:
              Abstract <emphasis>transactional</emphasis> extension of
              <classname>AbstractTestNGSpringContextTests</classname> that
              adds some convenience functionality for JDBC access. Expects a
              <classname>javax.sql.DataSource</classname> bean and a
              <interfacename>PlatformTransactionManager</interfacename> bean
              to be defined in the <classname>ApplicationContext</classname>.
              When you extend
              <classname>AbstractTransactionalTestNGSpringContextTests,</classname>
              you can access the following <literal>protected</literal>
              instance variables:</para>

              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para><literal>applicationContext</literal>: Inherited from
                  the <classname>AbstractTestNGSpringContextTests</classname>
                  superclass. Perform explicit bean lookups or test the state
                  of the context as a whole.</para>
                </listitem>

                <listitem>
                  <para><literal>simpleJdbcTemplate</literal>: Useful for
                  querying to confirm state. For example, use an ORM tool <!--Same change and query as above-->to
                  query before and after testing application code that creates
                  an object and persists it, to verify that the data appears
                  in the database. (Spring ensures that the query runs in the
                  scope of the same transaction.) You need to tell your ORM
                  tool to 'flush' its changes for this to work correctly by,
                  for example, using the <methodname>flush()</methodname>
                  method on Hibernate's <classname>Session</classname>
                  interface.</para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>

          <tip>
            <para>These classes are a convenience for extension. If you do not
            want your test classes to be tied to a Spring-specific class
            hierarchy--for example, if you want to directly extend the class
            you are testing--you can configure your own custom test classes by
            using <interfacename>@ContextConfiguration</interfacename>,
            <interfacename>@TestExecutionListeners</interfacename>, and so on,
            and by manually instrumenting your test class with a
            <classname>TestContextManager</classname>. See the source code of
            <classname>AbstractTestNGSpringContextTests</classname> for an
            example of how to instrument your test class.</para>
          </tip>
        </section>
      </section>

      <!-- ================================================================= -->
    </section>

    <!-- === PetClinic Example ================================================= -->

    <section id="testing-examples-petclinic">
      <title>PetClinic example</title>

      <para>The PetClinic sample application included with the full Spring
      distribution illustrates several features of the <emphasis>Spring
      TestContext Framework</emphasis> in a JUnit 4.5+ environment. Most test
      functionality is included in the
      <classname>AbstractClinicTests</classname>, for which a partial listing
      is shown below:</para>

      <programlisting language="java">import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
<lineannotation>// import ...</lineannotation>

<emphasis role="bold">@ContextConfiguration</emphasis>
public abstract class AbstractClinicTests <emphasis role="bold">extends AbstractTransactionalJUnit4SpringContextTests</emphasis> {

    <emphasis role="bold">@Autowired</emphasis>
    protected Clinic clinic;

    @Test
    public void getVets() {
        Collection&lt;Vet&gt; vets = this.clinic.getVets();
        assertEquals("JDBC query must show the same number of vets",
            <emphasis role="bold">super.countRowsInTable("VETS")</emphasis>, vets.size());
        Vet v1 = EntityUtils.getById(vets, Vet.class, 2);
        assertEquals("Leary", v1.getLastName());
        assertEquals(1, v1.getNrOfSpecialties());
        assertEquals("radiology", (v1.getSpecialties().get(0)).getName());
        <lineannotation>// ...</lineannotation>
    }

    <lineannotation>// ...</lineannotation>
}</programlisting>

      <para>Notes:</para>

      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>This test case extends the
          <classname>AbstractTransactionalJUnit4SpringContextTests</classname>
          class, from which it inherits configuration for Dependency Injection
          (through the
          <classname>DependencyInjectionTestExecutionListener</classname>) and
          transactional behavior (through the
          <classname>TransactionalTestExecutionListener</classname>).</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>The <literal>clinic</literal> instance variable - the
          application object being tested - is set by Dependency Injection
          through <interfacename>@Autowired</interfacename> semantics.</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>The <methodname>testGetVets()</methodname> method illustrates
          how you can use the inherited
          <methodname>countRowsInTable()</methodname> method to easily verify
          the number of rows in a given table, thus testing correct behavior
          of the application code being tested. This allows for stronger tests
          and lessens dependency on the exact test data. For example, you can
          add additional rows in the database without breaking tests.</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>Like many integration tests that use a database, most of the
          tests in <classname>AbstractClinicTests</classname> depend on a
          minimum amount of data already in the database before the test cases
          run. You might, however, choose to populate the database in <!--do you mean populate the database *with* your test cases?-->your
          test cases also - again, within the same transaction.</para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>

      <para>The PetClinic application supports three data access technologies:
      JDBC, Hibernate, and JPA. By declaring
      <interfacename>@ContextConfiguration</interfacename> without any
      specific resource locations, the
      <classname>AbstractClinicTests</classname> class will have its
      application context loaded from the default location,
      <literal>AbstractClinicTests-context.xml</literal>, which declares a
      common <classname>DataSource</classname>. Subclasses specify additional
      context locations that must declare a
      <interfacename>PlatformTransactionManager</interfacename> and a concrete
      implementation of <interfacename>Clinic</interfacename>.</para>

      <para>For example, the Hibernate implementation of the PetClinic tests
      contains the following implementation. For this example,
      <classname>HibernateClinicTests</classname> does not contain a single
      line of code: we only need to declare
      <interfacename>@ContextConfiguration</interfacename>, and the tests are
      inherited from <classname>AbstractClinicTests</classname>. Because
      <interfacename>@ContextConfiguration</interfacename> is declared without
      any specific resource locations, the <emphasis>Spring TestContext
      Framework</emphasis> loads an application context from all the beans
      defined in <literal>AbstractClinicTests-context.xml</literal> (that is,
      the inherited locations) and
      <literal>HibernateClinicTests-context.xml</literal>, with
      <literal>HibernateClinicTests-context.xml</literal> possibly overriding
      beans defined in
      <literal>AbstractClinicTests-context.xml</literal>.</para>

      <programlisting language="java"><emphasis role="bold">@ContextConfiguration</emphasis>
public class HibernateClinicTests extends AbstractClinicTests { }
</programlisting>

      <para>As you can see in the PetClinic application, the Spring
      configuration is split across multiple files. <!--Where do we see this?-->As
      is typical of large-scale applications, configuration locations are
      often specified in a common base class for all application-specific
      integration tests. Such a base class may also add useful instance
      variables--populated by Dependency Injection, naturally--such as a
      <classname>HibernateTemplate</classname>, in the case of an application
      using Hibernate.</para>

      <para>As far as possible, you should have exactly the same Spring
      configuration files in your integration tests as in the deployed
      environment. One likely point of difference concerns database connection
      pooling and transaction infrastructure. If you are deploying to a
      full-blown application server, you will probably use its connection pool
      (available through JNDI) and JTA implementation. Thus in production you
      will use a <classname>JndiObjectFactoryBean</classname> /
      <literal>&lt;jee:jndi-lookup&gt;</literal> for the
      <classname>DataSource</classname> and
      <classname>JtaTransactionManager</classname>. JNDI and JTA will not be
      available in out-of-container integration tests, so you should use a
      combination like the Commons DBCP <classname>BasicDataSource</classname>
      and <classname>DataSourceTransactionManager</classname> or
      <classname>HibernateTransactionManager</classname> for them. You can
      factor out this variant behavior into a single XML file, having the
      choice between application server and a 'local' configuration separated
      from all other configuration, which will not vary between the test and
      production environments. In addition, it is advisable to use properties
      files for connection settings: see the PetClinic application for an
      example.</para>
    </section>

    <!-- ======================================================================= -->
  </section>

  <section id="testing-resources">
    <title>Further Resources</title>

    <para>Consult the following resources for more information about
    testing:</para>

    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para><ulink url="http://www.junit.org/">JUnit</ulink>: The Spring
        Framework's unit and integration test suite, written with JUnit 3.8.2
        and JUnit 4.7 as the testing framework.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para><ulink url="http://testng.org/">TestNG</ulink>: A testing
        framework inspired by JUnit 3.8 with added support for Java 5
        annotations, test groups, data-driven testing, distributed testing,
        and so on.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para><ulink
        url="http://www.mockobjects.com/">MockObjects.com</ulink>: Web site
        dedicated to mock objects, a technique for improving the design of
        code within test-driven development.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para><ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mock_Object">"Mock
        Objects"</ulink>: Article in Wikipedia.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para><ulink url="http://www.easymock.org/">EasyMock</ulink>: Used
        extensively by the Spring Framework in its test suite.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para><ulink url="http://www.jmock.org/">JMock</ulink>: Library that
        supports test-driven development of Java code with mock
        objects.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para><ulink url="http://mockito.org/">Mockito</ulink>: Java mock
        library based on the <ulink
        url="http://xunitpatterns.com/Test%20Spy.html">test spy</ulink>
        pattern.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para><ulink url="http://dbunit.sourceforge.net/">DbUnit</ulink>:
        JUnit extension (also usable with Ant and Maven) targeted for
        database-driven projects that, among other things, puts your database
        into a known state between test runs.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para><ulink url="http://grinder.sourceforge.net/">Grinder</ulink>:
        Java load testing framework.</para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
  </section>
</chapter>