19 KiB
19 KiB
使用 Python 的井字游戏
原文：https://www.askpython.com/python/examples/tic-tac-toe-using-python
在本文中，我们将从头开始介绍使用 Python 语言创建井字游戏的步骤。
https://www.askpython.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/tic_tac_toe.mp4
关于游戏
井字游戏是一种双人游戏，在 3×3 的方格上进行。每个玩家轮流占据一个单元，目标是在水平、垂直或对角线模式中放置三个标记。一名玩家使用十字'X'作为他的标记，而另一名玩家使用零'O'。
第一步:井字游戏设计
我们将在命令行上玩井字游戏，因此，我们要做的第一件事是为我们的井字游戏创建一个设计。
Tic-tac-toe Design
如果玩家必须标记一个特定的盒子，他必须输入网格中显示的相应数字。假设，我们希望占据中心块，那么我们将在终端中输入5。该网格可以通过以下方式生成:
# Function to print Tic Tac Toe
def print_tic_tac_toe(values):
print("\n")
print("\t | |")
print("\t {} | {} | {}".format(values[0], values[1], values[2]))
print('\t_____|_____|_____')
print("\t | |")
print("\t {} | {} | {}".format(values[3], values[4], values[5]))
print('\t_____|_____|_____')
print("\t | |")
print("\t {} | {} | {}".format(values[6], values[7], values[8]))
print("\t | |")
print("\n")
在上面的代码中，该函数根据作为参数传递的值创建了我们的井字游戏。这里的参数values是一个包含网格中每个单元格状态的列表。
步骤 2:使用数据结构存储信息
任何游戏的核心都是背后的游戏机制。因为这是一个相当容易创建的游戏，所以涉及的机制也很简单。
在任何时刻，我们都需要两个关键信息:
- **网格的状态—**我们必须有一个数据结构来存储每个单元格的状态，即它是被占用还是空闲。
- 每个玩家的招式**–**我们必须以某种方式知道每个玩家过去和现在的招式，也就是
'X'和'O'所占据的位置。
**注意:**这两个信息都可以使用网格的状态来访问，但是每次我们需要玩家的位置时都需要遍历它。这可以称为时间与空间复杂度的权衡。这是一种节省时间的通用技术。
# Function for a single game of Tic Tac Toe
def single_game(cur_player):
# Represents the Tic Tac Toe
values = [' ' for x in range(9)]
# Stores the positions occupied by X and O
player_pos = {'X':[], 'O':[]}
网格的状态由一个字符列表管理，它可以有三个可能的值，
' '–一个空单元格'X'–玩家 X 占据的单元格'O'–玩家 O 占据的单元格
每个玩家的走法都被存储为一个整数列表的字典。键是用于各自玩家的'X'和'O'。它们对应的列表包含了它们所占据的网格单元的编号。
**注:**变量
cur_player，存储当前出招的玩家，如'X'或'O'。
第三步:游戏循环
每个游戏都有某种游戏循环，一直运行到某个玩家赢了或者游戏以平局结束。在井字游戏中，每一次循环迭代指的是任何玩家的一步棋。
# Game Loop for a single game of Tic Tac Toe
while True:
print_tic_tac_toe(values)
步骤 4:处理玩家输入
在每一次游戏迭代中，玩家必须输入他的移动。
# Try exception block for MOVE input
try:
print("Player ", cur_player, " turn. Which box? : ", end="")
move = int(input())
except ValueError:
print("Wrong Input!!! Try Again")
continue
# Sanity check for MOVE inout
if move < 1 or move > 9:
print("Wrong Input!!! Try Again")
continue
# Check if the box is not occupied already
if values[move-1] != ' ':
print("Place already filled. Try again!!")
continue
我们创建了一个try块，以防玩家输入一些意外的值。这样的事件不能停止游戏，因此，我们处理ValueError的异常并继续我们的游戏。
我们需要执行一些健全性检查，比如输入的值是一个有效的位置，如果它是一个有效的位置，它是否已经被占用？
第五步:更新信息
根据玩家输入，我们需要更新信息以使游戏顺利运行。
# Update game information
# Updating grid status
values[move-1] = cur_player
# Updating player positions
player_pos[cur_player].append(move)
values列表根据当前玩家更新所占的单元格。玩家位置加上当前玩家刚刚占据的位置。
在更新了values列表并调用了print_tic_tac_toe()函数之后，网格看起来像这样:
Tic-tac-toe after 5 turns. Last move: ‘X’ at 2
第六步:检查赢或平
在每一步棋之后，我们都要检查是否有玩家赢了游戏或者游戏已经被抽了。可以通过以下方式进行检查:
函数调用:
# Function call for checking win
if check_win(player_pos, cur_player):
print_tic_tac_toe(values)
print("Player ", cur_player, " has won the game!!")
print("\n")
return cur_player
# Function call for checking draw game
if check_draw(player_pos):
print_tic_tac_toe(values)
print("Game Drawn")
print("\n")
return 'D'
如果任何玩家赢了，那么single_game()函数将返回当前的玩家，是谁走了这步棋。万一游戏抽到了，'D'发回。
功能:
# Function to check if any player has won
def check_win(player_pos, cur_player):
# All possible winning combinations
soln = [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9], [1, 4, 7], [2, 5, 8], [3, 6, 9], [1, 5, 9], [3, 5, 7]]
# Loop to check if any winning combination is satisfied
for x in soln:
if all(y in player_pos[cur_player] for y in x):
# Return True if any winning combination satisfies
return True
# Return False if no combination is satisfied
return False
# Function to check if the game is drawn
def check_draw(player_pos):
if len(player_pos['X']) + len(player_pos['O']) == 9:
return True
return False
**check _ win()–**该函数拥有所有中奖组合。它所做的只是，检查当前玩家的位置是否满足任何获胜组合。如果是，它返回True。如果没有一个组合被满足，那么函数返回False。
**check _ draw()–**抽签的条件相当简单，因为当所有“九”个位置都有人时，游戏就开始抽签。
第七步:切换当前玩家
由于每个玩家一次只能移动一次，因此每次成功移动后，我们必须交换当前的玩家。
# Switch player moves
if cur_player == 'X':
cur_player = 'O'
else:
cur_player = 'X'
就单个游戏而言，这就是我们需要做的一切。但是如果玩家想玩多个游戏，本文还提供了一个记分牌系统来记录。
第八步:输入玩家名字
任何记分牌都必须显示每个球员的名字。
if __name__ == "__main__":
print("Player 1")
player1 = input("Enter the name : ")
print("\n")
print("Player 2")
player2 = input("Enter the name : ")
print("\n")
第九步:存储游戏相关信息
需要存储像当前玩家、玩家的选择(打叉或不打叉)、可用选项(打叉和不打叉)以及记分牌这样的信息。
# Stores the player who chooses X and O
cur_player = player1
# Stores the choice of players
player_choice = {'X' : "", 'O' : ""}
# Stores the options
options = ['X', 'O']
# Stores the scoreboard
score_board = {player1: 0, player2: 0}
默认情况下，当前玩家是最先输入名字的玩家。
步骤 10:设计记分牌
记分牌存储为一个字典，其中键是玩家的名字，值是他们的获胜号码。
# Function to print the score-board
def print_scoreboard(score_board):
print("--------------------------------")
print(" SCOREBOARD ")
print("--------------------------------")
players = list(score_board.keys())
print(" ", players[0], " ", score_board[players[0]])
print(" ", players[1], " ", score_board[players[1]])
print("--------------------------------\n")
为了显示记分牌，我们需要玩家的名字。使用.keys()函数提取关键字，然后将其转换为列表，以便在显示分数时可以对其进行索引。
步骤 11:外部游戏循环
我们需要另一个游戏循环，用于管理井字游戏的多场比赛。每场比赛，当前玩家选择他的标记('X'或'O')。用于选择的菜单必须在每个游戏迭代中显示:
# Game Loop for a series of Tic Tac Toe
# The loop runs until the players quit
while True:
# Player choice Menu
print("Turn to choose for", cur_player)
print("Enter 1 for X")
print("Enter 2 for O")
print("Enter 3 to Quit")
记分板和菜单如下所示:
Scoreboard and Menu
步骤 12:处理和分配玩家选择
每次迭代，我们必须处理和存储当前玩家的选择。
# Try exception for CHOICE input
try:
choice = int(input())
except ValueError:
print("Wrong Input!!! Try Again\n")
continue
# Conditions for player choice
if choice == 1:
player_choice['X'] = cur_player
if cur_player == player1:
player_choice['O'] = player2
else:
player_choice['O'] = player1
elif choice == 2:
player_choice['O'] = cur_player
if cur_player == player1:
player_choice['X'] = player2
else:
player_choice['X'] = player1
elif choice == 3:
print("Final Scores")
print_scoreboard(score_board)
break
else:
print("Wrong Choice!!!! Try Again\n")
根据玩家的选择，数据已经存储。这很重要，因为在每场游戏结束后，它会告诉我们哪个玩家赢了。
步骤 13:执行匹配
在存储了所有必要的信息后，是时候执行独立匹配并存储获胜标记了。
# Stores the winner in a single game of Tic-tac-toe
winner = single_game(options[choice-1])
步骤 14:更新记分牌
我们需要在每场井字游戏后更新记分牌。
# Updates the scoreboard according to the winner
if winner != 'D' :
player_won = player_choice[winner]
score_board[player_won] = score_board[player_won] + 1
print_scoreboard(score_board)
如果游戏没有以平局结束，那么我们更新记分牌。
第 15 步:切换选择球员
这是一个慷慨的想法，每个玩家必须有机会选择他们想要的标志。为此，我们交换了cur_player中的值。
# Switch player who chooses X or O
if cur_player == player1:
cur_player = player2
else:
cur_player = player1
完整的工作代码
# Function to print Tic Tac Toe
def print_tic_tac_toe(values):
print("\n")
print("\t | |")
print("\t {} | {} | {}".format(values[0], values[1], values[2]))
print('\t_____|_____|_____')
print("\t | |")
print("\t {} | {} | {}".format(values[3], values[4], values[5]))
print('\t_____|_____|_____')
print("\t | |")
print("\t {} | {} | {}".format(values[6], values[7], values[8]))
print("\t | |")
print("\n")
# Function to print the score-board
def print_scoreboard(score_board):
print("\t--------------------------------")
print("\t SCOREBOARD ")
print("\t--------------------------------")
players = list(score_board.keys())
print("\t ", players[0], "\t ", score_board[players[0]])
print("\t ", players[1], "\t ", score_board[players[1]])
print("\t--------------------------------\n")
# Function to check if any player has won
def check_win(player_pos, cur_player):
# All possible winning combinations
soln = [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9], [1, 4, 7], [2, 5, 8], [3, 6, 9], [1, 5, 9], [3, 5, 7]]
# Loop to check if any winning combination is satisfied
for x in soln:
if all(y in player_pos[cur_player] for y in x):
# Return True if any winning combination satisfies
return True
# Return False if no combination is satisfied
return False
# Function to check if the game is drawn
def check_draw(player_pos):
if len(player_pos['X']) + len(player_pos['O']) == 9:
return True
return False
# Function for a single game of Tic Tac Toe
def single_game(cur_player):
# Represents the Tic Tac Toe
values = [' ' for x in range(9)]
# Stores the positions occupied by X and O
player_pos = {'X':[], 'O':[]}
# Game Loop for a single game of Tic Tac Toe
while True:
print_tic_tac_toe(values)
# Try exception block for MOVE input
try:
print("Player ", cur_player, " turn. Which box? : ", end="")
move = int(input())
except ValueError:
print("Wrong Input!!! Try Again")
continue
# Sanity check for MOVE inout
if move < 1 or move > 9:
print("Wrong Input!!! Try Again")
continue
# Check if the box is not occupied already
if values[move-1] != ' ':
print("Place already filled. Try again!!")
continue
# Update game information
# Updating grid status
values[move-1] = cur_player
# Updating player positions
player_pos[cur_player].append(move)
# Function call for checking win
if check_win(player_pos, cur_player):
print_tic_tac_toe(values)
print("Player ", cur_player, " has won the game!!")
print("\n")
return cur_player
# Function call for checking draw game
if check_draw(player_pos):
print_tic_tac_toe(values)
print("Game Drawn")
print("\n")
return 'D'
# Switch player moves
if cur_player == 'X':
cur_player = 'O'
else:
cur_player = 'X'
if __name__ == "__main__":
print("Player 1")
player1 = input("Enter the name : ")
print("\n")
print("Player 2")
player2 = input("Enter the name : ")
print("\n")
# Stores the player who chooses X and O
cur_player = player1
# Stores the choice of players
player_choice = {'X' : "", 'O' : ""}
# Stores the options
options = ['X', 'O']
# Stores the scoreboard
score_board = {player1: 0, player2: 0}
print_scoreboard(score_board)
# Game Loop for a series of Tic Tac Toe
# The loop runs until the players quit
while True:
# Player choice Menu
print("Turn to choose for", cur_player)
print("Enter 1 for X")
print("Enter 2 for O")
print("Enter 3 to Quit")
# Try exception for CHOICE input
try:
choice = int(input())
except ValueError:
print("Wrong Input!!! Try Again\n")
continue
# Conditions for player choice
if choice == 1:
player_choice['X'] = cur_player
if cur_player == player1:
player_choice['O'] = player2
else:
player_choice['O'] = player1
elif choice == 2:
player_choice['O'] = cur_player
if cur_player == player1:
player_choice['X'] = player2
else:
player_choice['X'] = player1
elif choice == 3:
print("Final Scores")
print_scoreboard(score_board)
break
else:
print("Wrong Choice!!!! Try Again\n")
# Stores the winner in a single game of Tic Tac Toe
winner = single_game(options[choice-1])
# Edits the scoreboard according to the winner
if winner != 'D' :
player_won = player_choice[winner]
score_board[player_won] = score_board[player_won] + 1
print_scoreboard(score_board)
# Switch player who chooses X or O
if cur_player == player1:
cur_player = player2
else:
cur_player = player1
游戏时间到了！
创建游戏的所有步骤都已完成。现在是玩游戏的时候了。
Player 1
Enter the name : Luffy
Player 2
Enter the name : Sanji
--------------------------------
SCOREBOARD
--------------------------------
Luffy 0
Sanji 0
--------------------------------
Turn to choose for Luffy
Enter 1 for X
Enter 2 for O
Enter 3 to Quit
1
| |
| |
_____|_____|_____
| |
| |
_____|_____|_____
| |
| |
| |
Player X turn. Which box? : 5
| |
| |
_____|_____|_____
| |
| X |
_____|_____|_____
| |
| |
| |
Player O turn. Which box? : 1
| |
O | |
_____|_____|_____
| |
| X |
_____|_____|_____
| |
| |
| |
Player X turn. Which box? : 9
| |
O | |
_____|_____|_____
| |
| X |
_____|_____|_____
| |
| | X
| |
Player O turn. Which box? : 2
| |
O | O |
_____|_____|_____
| |
| X |
_____|_____|_____
| |
| | X
| |
Player X turn. Which box? : 3
| |
O | O | X
_____|_____|_____
| |
| X |
_____|_____|_____
| |
| | X
| |
Player O turn. Which box? : 7
| |
O | O | X
_____|_____|_____
| |
| X |
_____|_____|_____
| |
O | | X
| |
Player X turn. Which box? : 6
| |
O | O | X
_____|_____|_____
| |
| X | X
_____|_____|_____
| |
O | | X
| |
Player X has won the game!!
--------------------------------
SCOREBOARD
--------------------------------
Luffy 1
Sanji 0
--------------------------------
Turn to choose for Sanji
Enter 1 for X
Enter 2 for O
Enter 3 to Quit
2
| |
| |
_____|_____|_____
| |
| |
_____|_____|_____
| |
| |
| |
Player O turn. Which box? : 5
| |
| |
_____|_____|_____
| |
| O |
_____|_____|_____
| |
| |
| |
Player X turn. Which box? : 3
| |
| | X
_____|_____|_____
| |
| O |
_____|_____|_____
| |
| |
| |
Player O turn. Which box? : 2
| |
| O | X
_____|_____|_____
| |
| O |
_____|_____|_____
| |
| |
| |
Player X turn. Which box? : 8
| |
| O | X
_____|_____|_____
| |
| O |
_____|_____|_____
| |
| X |
| |
Player O turn. Which box? : 1
| |
O | O | X
_____|_____|_____
| |
| O |
_____|_____|_____
| |
| X |
| |
Player X turn. Which box? : 9
| |
O | O | X
_____|_____|_____
| |
| O |
_____|_____|_____
| |
| X | X
| |
Player O turn. Which box? : 6
| |
O | O | X
_____|_____|_____
| |
| O | O
_____|_____|_____
| |
| X | X
| |
Player X turn. Which box? : 7
| |
O | O | X
_____|_____|_____
| |
| O | O
_____|_____|_____
| |
X | X | X
| |
Player X has won the game!!
--------------------------------
SCOREBOARD
--------------------------------
Luffy 2
Sanji 0
--------------------------------
Turn to choose for Luffy
Enter 1 for X
Enter 2 for O
Enter 3 to Quit
3
Final Scores
--------------------------------
SCOREBOARD
--------------------------------
Luffy 2
Sanji 0
--------------------------------
结论
我们希望这篇文章对读者来说既有趣又有益。我也在 Github 上传了代码。你可以访问这里获取代码。如果对游戏有什么建议，欢迎评论。