871 lines
19 KiB
Markdown
871 lines
19 KiB
Markdown
# 使用 Python 的井字游戏
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> 原文：<https://www.askpython.com/python/examples/tic-tac-toe-using-python>
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在本文中，我们将从头开始介绍使用 Python 语言创建井字游戏的步骤。
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<https://www.askpython.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/tic_tac_toe.mp4>
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* * *
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## 关于游戏
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井字游戏是一种双人游戏，在 3×3 的方格上进行。每个玩家轮流占据一个单元，目标是在水平、垂直或对角线模式中放置三个标记。一名玩家使用十字`'X'`作为他的标记，而另一名玩家使用零`'O'`。
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* * *
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## 第一步:井字游戏设计
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我们将在命令行上玩井字游戏，因此，我们要做的第一件事是为我们的井字游戏创建一个设计。
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Tic-tac-toe Design
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如果玩家必须标记一个特定的盒子，他必须输入网格中显示的相应数字。假设，我们希望占据中心块，那么我们将在终端中输入`5`。该网格可以通过以下方式生成:
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```py
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# Function to print Tic Tac Toe
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def print_tic_tac_toe(values):
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print("\n")
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print("\t | |")
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print("\t {} | {} | {}".format(values[0], values[1], values[2]))
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print('\t_____|_____|_____')
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print("\t | |")
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print("\t {} | {} | {}".format(values[3], values[4], values[5]))
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print('\t_____|_____|_____')
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print("\t | |")
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print("\t {} | {} | {}".format(values[6], values[7], values[8]))
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print("\t | |")
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print("\n")
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```
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在上面的代码中，该函数根据作为参数传递的值创建了我们的井字游戏。这里的参数`values`是一个包含网格中每个单元格状态的列表。
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* * *
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## 步骤 2:使用数据结构存储信息
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任何游戏的核心都是背后的游戏机制。因为这是一个相当容易创建的游戏，所以涉及的机制也很简单。
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在任何时刻，我们都需要两个关键信息:
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* **网格的状态—**我们必须有一个数据结构来存储每个单元格的状态，即它是被占用还是空闲。
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* **每个玩家的招式****–**我们必须以某种方式知道每个玩家过去和现在的招式，也就是`'X'`和`'O'`所占据的位置。
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> **注意:**这两个信息都可以使用网格的状态来访问，但是每次我们需要玩家的位置时都需要遍历它。这可以称为时间与空间复杂度的权衡。这是一种节省时间的通用技术。
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```py
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# Function for a single game of Tic Tac Toe
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def single_game(cur_player):
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# Represents the Tic Tac Toe
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values = [' ' for x in range(9)]
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# Stores the positions occupied by X and O
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player_pos = {'X':[], 'O':[]}
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```
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**网格的状态**由一个字符列表管理，它可以有三个可能的值，
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* `' '`–一个空单元格
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* `'X'`–玩家 X 占据的单元格
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* `'O'`–玩家 O 占据的单元格
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**每个玩家的走法**都被存储为一个整数列表的字典。键是用于各自玩家的`'X'`和`'O'`。它们对应的列表包含了它们所占据的网格单元的编号。
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> **注:**变量`cur_player`，存储当前出招的玩家，如`'X'`或`'O'`。
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* * *
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## 第三步:游戏循环
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每个游戏都有某种游戏循环，一直运行到某个玩家赢了或者游戏以平局结束。在井字游戏中，每一次循环迭代指的是任何玩家的一步棋。
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```py
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# Game Loop for a single game of Tic Tac Toe
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while True:
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print_tic_tac_toe(values)
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```
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* * *
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## 步骤 4:处理玩家输入
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在每一次游戏迭代中，玩家必须输入他的移动。
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```py
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# Try exception block for MOVE input
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try:
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print("Player ", cur_player, " turn. Which box? : ", end="")
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move = int(input())
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except ValueError:
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print("Wrong Input!!! Try Again")
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continue
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# Sanity check for MOVE inout
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if move < 1 or move > 9:
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print("Wrong Input!!! Try Again")
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continue
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# Check if the box is not occupied already
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if values[move-1] != ' ':
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print("Place already filled. Try again!!")
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continue
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```
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我们创建了一个`try`块，以防玩家输入一些意外的值。这样的事件不能停止游戏，因此，我们处理`ValueError`的异常并继续我们的游戏。
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我们需要执行一些健全性检查，比如输入的值是一个有效的位置，如果它是一个有效的位置，它是否已经被占用？
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* * *
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## 第五步:更新信息
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根据玩家输入，我们需要更新信息以使游戏顺利运行。
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```py
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# Update game information
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# Updating grid status
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values[move-1] = cur_player
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# Updating player positions
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player_pos[cur_player].append(move)
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```
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`values`列表根据当前玩家更新所占的单元格。玩家位置加上当前玩家刚刚占据的位置。
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在更新了`values`列表并调用了`print_tic_tac_toe()`函数之后，网格看起来像这样:
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Tic-tac-toe after 5 turns.
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Last move: ‘X’ at 2
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* * *
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## 第六步:检查赢或平
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在每一步棋之后，我们都要检查是否有玩家赢了游戏或者游戏已经被抽了。可以通过以下方式进行检查:
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### 函数调用:
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```py
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# Function call for checking win
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if check_win(player_pos, cur_player):
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print_tic_tac_toe(values)
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print("Player ", cur_player, " has won the game!!")
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print("\n")
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return cur_player
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# Function call for checking draw game
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if check_draw(player_pos):
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print_tic_tac_toe(values)
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print("Game Drawn")
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print("\n")
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return 'D'
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```
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如果任何玩家赢了，那么`single_game()`函数将返回当前的玩家，是谁走了这步棋。万一游戏抽到了，`'D'`发回。
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### 功能:
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```py
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# Function to check if any player has won
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def check_win(player_pos, cur_player):
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# All possible winning combinations
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soln = [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9], [1, 4, 7], [2, 5, 8], [3, 6, 9], [1, 5, 9], [3, 5, 7]]
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# Loop to check if any winning combination is satisfied
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for x in soln:
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if all(y in player_pos[cur_player] for y in x):
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# Return True if any winning combination satisfies
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return True
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# Return False if no combination is satisfied
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return False
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# Function to check if the game is drawn
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def check_draw(player_pos):
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if len(player_pos['X']) + len(player_pos['O']) == 9:
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return True
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return False
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```
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**check _ win()–**该函数拥有所有中奖组合。它所做的只是，检查当前玩家的位置是否满足任何获胜组合。如果是，它返回`True`。如果没有一个组合被满足，那么函数返回`False`。
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**check _ draw()–**抽签的条件相当简单，因为当所有“九”个位置都有人时，游戏就开始抽签。
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* * *
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## 第七步:切换当前玩家
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由于每个玩家一次只能移动一次，因此每次成功移动后，我们必须交换当前的玩家。
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```py
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# Switch player moves
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if cur_player == 'X':
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cur_player = 'O'
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else:
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cur_player = 'X'
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```
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就单个游戏而言，这就是我们需要做的一切。但是如果玩家想玩多个游戏，本文还提供了一个记分牌系统来记录。
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* * *
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## 第八步:输入玩家名字
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任何记分牌都必须显示每个球员的名字。
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```py
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if __name__ == "__main__":
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print("Player 1")
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player1 = input("Enter the name : ")
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print("\n")
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print("Player 2")
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player2 = input("Enter the name : ")
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print("\n")
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```
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* * *
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## 第九步:存储游戏相关信息
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需要存储像当前玩家、玩家的选择(打叉或不打叉)、可用选项(打叉和不打叉)以及记分牌这样的信息。
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```py
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# Stores the player who chooses X and O
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cur_player = player1
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# Stores the choice of players
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player_choice = {'X' : "", 'O' : ""}
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# Stores the options
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options = ['X', 'O']
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# Stores the scoreboard
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score_board = {player1: 0, player2: 0}
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```
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默认情况下，当前玩家是最先输入名字的玩家。
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* * *
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## 步骤 10:设计记分牌
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记分牌存储为一个字典，其中键是玩家的名字，值是他们的获胜号码。
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```py
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# Function to print the score-board
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def print_scoreboard(score_board):
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print("--------------------------------")
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print(" SCOREBOARD ")
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print("--------------------------------")
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players = list(score_board.keys())
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print(" ", players[0], " ", score_board[players[0]])
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print(" ", players[1], " ", score_board[players[1]])
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print("--------------------------------\n")
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```
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为了显示记分牌，我们需要玩家的名字。使用`.keys()`函数提取关键字，然后将其转换为列表，以便在显示分数时可以对其进行索引。
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* * *
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## 步骤 11:外部游戏循环
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我们需要另一个游戏循环，用于管理井字游戏的多场比赛。每场比赛，当前玩家选择他的标记(`'X'`或`'O'`)。用于选择的菜单必须在每个游戏迭代中显示:
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```py
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# Game Loop for a series of Tic Tac Toe
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# The loop runs until the players quit
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while True:
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# Player choice Menu
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print("Turn to choose for", cur_player)
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print("Enter 1 for X")
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print("Enter 2 for O")
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print("Enter 3 to Quit")
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```
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记分板和菜单如下所示:
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Scoreboard and Menu
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* * *
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## 步骤 12:处理和分配玩家选择
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每次迭代，我们必须处理和存储当前玩家的选择。
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```py
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# Try exception for CHOICE input
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try:
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choice = int(input())
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except ValueError:
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print("Wrong Input!!! Try Again\n")
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continue
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# Conditions for player choice
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if choice == 1:
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player_choice['X'] = cur_player
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if cur_player == player1:
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player_choice['O'] = player2
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else:
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player_choice['O'] = player1
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elif choice == 2:
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player_choice['O'] = cur_player
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if cur_player == player1:
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player_choice['X'] = player2
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else:
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player_choice['X'] = player1
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elif choice == 3:
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print("Final Scores")
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print_scoreboard(score_board)
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break
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else:
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print("Wrong Choice!!!! Try Again\n")
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```
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根据玩家的选择，数据已经存储。这很重要，因为在每场游戏结束后，它会告诉我们哪个玩家赢了。
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* * *
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## 步骤 13:执行匹配
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在存储了所有必要的信息后，是时候执行独立匹配并存储获胜标记了。
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```py
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# Stores the winner in a single game of Tic-tac-toe
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winner = single_game(options[choice-1])
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```
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* * *
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## 步骤 14:更新记分牌
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我们需要在每场井字游戏后更新记分牌。
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```py
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# Updates the scoreboard according to the winner
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if winner != 'D' :
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player_won = player_choice[winner]
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score_board[player_won] = score_board[player_won] + 1
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print_scoreboard(score_board)
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```
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如果游戏没有以平局结束，那么我们更新记分牌。
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* * *
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## 第 15 步:切换选择球员
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这是一个慷慨的想法，每个玩家必须有机会选择他们想要的标志。为此，我们交换了`cur_player`中的值。
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```py
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# Switch player who chooses X or O
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if cur_player == player1:
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cur_player = player2
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else:
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cur_player = player1
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```
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* * *
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## 完整的工作代码
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```py
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# Function to print Tic Tac Toe
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def print_tic_tac_toe(values):
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print("\n")
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print("\t | |")
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print("\t {} | {} | {}".format(values[0], values[1], values[2]))
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print('\t_____|_____|_____')
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print("\t | |")
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print("\t {} | {} | {}".format(values[3], values[4], values[5]))
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print('\t_____|_____|_____')
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print("\t | |")
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print("\t {} | {} | {}".format(values[6], values[7], values[8]))
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print("\t | |")
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print("\n")
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# Function to print the score-board
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def print_scoreboard(score_board):
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print("\t--------------------------------")
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print("\t SCOREBOARD ")
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print("\t--------------------------------")
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players = list(score_board.keys())
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print("\t ", players[0], "\t ", score_board[players[0]])
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print("\t ", players[1], "\t ", score_board[players[1]])
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print("\t--------------------------------\n")
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# Function to check if any player has won
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def check_win(player_pos, cur_player):
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# All possible winning combinations
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soln = [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9], [1, 4, 7], [2, 5, 8], [3, 6, 9], [1, 5, 9], [3, 5, 7]]
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# Loop to check if any winning combination is satisfied
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for x in soln:
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if all(y in player_pos[cur_player] for y in x):
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# Return True if any winning combination satisfies
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return True
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# Return False if no combination is satisfied
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return False
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# Function to check if the game is drawn
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def check_draw(player_pos):
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if len(player_pos['X']) + len(player_pos['O']) == 9:
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return True
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return False
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# Function for a single game of Tic Tac Toe
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def single_game(cur_player):
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# Represents the Tic Tac Toe
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values = [' ' for x in range(9)]
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# Stores the positions occupied by X and O
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player_pos = {'X':[], 'O':[]}
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# Game Loop for a single game of Tic Tac Toe
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while True:
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print_tic_tac_toe(values)
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# Try exception block for MOVE input
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try:
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print("Player ", cur_player, " turn. Which box? : ", end="")
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move = int(input())
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except ValueError:
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print("Wrong Input!!! Try Again")
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continue
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# Sanity check for MOVE inout
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if move < 1 or move > 9:
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print("Wrong Input!!! Try Again")
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continue
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# Check if the box is not occupied already
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if values[move-1] != ' ':
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print("Place already filled. Try again!!")
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continue
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# Update game information
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# Updating grid status
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values[move-1] = cur_player
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# Updating player positions
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player_pos[cur_player].append(move)
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# Function call for checking win
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if check_win(player_pos, cur_player):
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||
print_tic_tac_toe(values)
|
||
print("Player ", cur_player, " has won the game!!")
|
||
print("\n")
|
||
return cur_player
|
||
|
||
# Function call for checking draw game
|
||
if check_draw(player_pos):
|
||
print_tic_tac_toe(values)
|
||
print("Game Drawn")
|
||
print("\n")
|
||
return 'D'
|
||
|
||
# Switch player moves
|
||
if cur_player == 'X':
|
||
cur_player = 'O'
|
||
else:
|
||
cur_player = 'X'
|
||
|
||
if __name__ == "__main__":
|
||
|
||
print("Player 1")
|
||
player1 = input("Enter the name : ")
|
||
print("\n")
|
||
|
||
print("Player 2")
|
||
player2 = input("Enter the name : ")
|
||
print("\n")
|
||
|
||
# Stores the player who chooses X and O
|
||
cur_player = player1
|
||
|
||
# Stores the choice of players
|
||
player_choice = {'X' : "", 'O' : ""}
|
||
|
||
# Stores the options
|
||
options = ['X', 'O']
|
||
|
||
# Stores the scoreboard
|
||
score_board = {player1: 0, player2: 0}
|
||
print_scoreboard(score_board)
|
||
|
||
# Game Loop for a series of Tic Tac Toe
|
||
# The loop runs until the players quit
|
||
while True:
|
||
|
||
# Player choice Menu
|
||
print("Turn to choose for", cur_player)
|
||
print("Enter 1 for X")
|
||
print("Enter 2 for O")
|
||
print("Enter 3 to Quit")
|
||
|
||
# Try exception for CHOICE input
|
||
try:
|
||
choice = int(input())
|
||
except ValueError:
|
||
print("Wrong Input!!! Try Again\n")
|
||
continue
|
||
|
||
# Conditions for player choice
|
||
if choice == 1:
|
||
player_choice['X'] = cur_player
|
||
if cur_player == player1:
|
||
player_choice['O'] = player2
|
||
else:
|
||
player_choice['O'] = player1
|
||
|
||
elif choice == 2:
|
||
player_choice['O'] = cur_player
|
||
if cur_player == player1:
|
||
player_choice['X'] = player2
|
||
else:
|
||
player_choice['X'] = player1
|
||
|
||
elif choice == 3:
|
||
print("Final Scores")
|
||
print_scoreboard(score_board)
|
||
break
|
||
|
||
else:
|
||
print("Wrong Choice!!!! Try Again\n")
|
||
|
||
# Stores the winner in a single game of Tic Tac Toe
|
||
winner = single_game(options[choice-1])
|
||
|
||
# Edits the scoreboard according to the winner
|
||
if winner != 'D' :
|
||
player_won = player_choice[winner]
|
||
score_board[player_won] = score_board[player_won] + 1
|
||
|
||
print_scoreboard(score_board)
|
||
# Switch player who chooses X or O
|
||
if cur_player == player1:
|
||
cur_player = player2
|
||
else:
|
||
cur_player = player1
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
* * *
|
||
|
||
## 游戏时间到了！
|
||
|
||
创建游戏的所有步骤都已完成。现在是玩游戏的时候了。
|
||
|
||
```py
|
||
Player 1
|
||
Enter the name : Luffy
|
||
|
||
Player 2
|
||
Enter the name : Sanji
|
||
|
||
--------------------------------
|
||
SCOREBOARD
|
||
--------------------------------
|
||
Luffy 0
|
||
Sanji 0
|
||
--------------------------------
|
||
|
||
Turn to choose for Luffy
|
||
Enter 1 for X
|
||
Enter 2 for O
|
||
Enter 3 to Quit
|
||
1
|
||
|
||
| |
|
||
| |
|
||
_____|_____|_____
|
||
| |
|
||
| |
|
||
_____|_____|_____
|
||
| |
|
||
| |
|
||
| |
|
||
|
||
Player X turn. Which box? : 5
|
||
|
||
| |
|
||
| |
|
||
_____|_____|_____
|
||
| |
|
||
| X |
|
||
_____|_____|_____
|
||
| |
|
||
| |
|
||
| |
|
||
|
||
Player O turn. Which box? : 1
|
||
|
||
| |
|
||
O | |
|
||
_____|_____|_____
|
||
| |
|
||
| X |
|
||
_____|_____|_____
|
||
| |
|
||
| |
|
||
| |
|
||
|
||
Player X turn. Which box? : 9
|
||
|
||
| |
|
||
O | |
|
||
_____|_____|_____
|
||
| |
|
||
| X |
|
||
_____|_____|_____
|
||
| |
|
||
| | X
|
||
| |
|
||
|
||
Player O turn. Which box? : 2
|
||
|
||
| |
|
||
O | O |
|
||
_____|_____|_____
|
||
| |
|
||
| X |
|
||
_____|_____|_____
|
||
| |
|
||
| | X
|
||
| |
|
||
|
||
Player X turn. Which box? : 3
|
||
|
||
| |
|
||
O | O | X
|
||
_____|_____|_____
|
||
| |
|
||
| X |
|
||
_____|_____|_____
|
||
| |
|
||
| | X
|
||
| |
|
||
|
||
Player O turn. Which box? : 7
|
||
|
||
| |
|
||
O | O | X
|
||
_____|_____|_____
|
||
| |
|
||
| X |
|
||
_____|_____|_____
|
||
| |
|
||
O | | X
|
||
| |
|
||
|
||
Player X turn. Which box? : 6
|
||
|
||
| |
|
||
O | O | X
|
||
_____|_____|_____
|
||
| |
|
||
| X | X
|
||
_____|_____|_____
|
||
| |
|
||
O | | X
|
||
| |
|
||
|
||
Player X has won the game!!
|
||
|
||
--------------------------------
|
||
SCOREBOARD
|
||
--------------------------------
|
||
Luffy 1
|
||
Sanji 0
|
||
--------------------------------
|
||
|
||
Turn to choose for Sanji
|
||
Enter 1 for X
|
||
Enter 2 for O
|
||
Enter 3 to Quit
|
||
2
|
||
|
||
| |
|
||
| |
|
||
_____|_____|_____
|
||
| |
|
||
| |
|
||
_____|_____|_____
|
||
| |
|
||
| |
|
||
| |
|
||
|
||
Player O turn. Which box? : 5
|
||
|
||
| |
|
||
| |
|
||
_____|_____|_____
|
||
| |
|
||
| O |
|
||
_____|_____|_____
|
||
| |
|
||
| |
|
||
| |
|
||
|
||
Player X turn. Which box? : 3
|
||
|
||
| |
|
||
| | X
|
||
_____|_____|_____
|
||
| |
|
||
| O |
|
||
_____|_____|_____
|
||
| |
|
||
| |
|
||
| |
|
||
|
||
Player O turn. Which box? : 2
|
||
|
||
| |
|
||
| O | X
|
||
_____|_____|_____
|
||
| |
|
||
| O |
|
||
_____|_____|_____
|
||
| |
|
||
| |
|
||
| |
|
||
|
||
Player X turn. Which box? : 8
|
||
|
||
| |
|
||
| O | X
|
||
_____|_____|_____
|
||
| |
|
||
| O |
|
||
_____|_____|_____
|
||
| |
|
||
| X |
|
||
| |
|
||
|
||
Player O turn. Which box? : 1
|
||
|
||
| |
|
||
O | O | X
|
||
_____|_____|_____
|
||
| |
|
||
| O |
|
||
_____|_____|_____
|
||
| |
|
||
| X |
|
||
| |
|
||
|
||
Player X turn. Which box? : 9
|
||
|
||
| |
|
||
O | O | X
|
||
_____|_____|_____
|
||
| |
|
||
| O |
|
||
_____|_____|_____
|
||
| |
|
||
| X | X
|
||
| |
|
||
|
||
Player O turn. Which box? : 6
|
||
|
||
| |
|
||
O | O | X
|
||
_____|_____|_____
|
||
| |
|
||
| O | O
|
||
_____|_____|_____
|
||
| |
|
||
| X | X
|
||
| |
|
||
|
||
Player X turn. Which box? : 7
|
||
|
||
| |
|
||
O | O | X
|
||
_____|_____|_____
|
||
| |
|
||
| O | O
|
||
_____|_____|_____
|
||
| |
|
||
X | X | X
|
||
| |
|
||
|
||
Player X has won the game!!
|
||
|
||
--------------------------------
|
||
SCOREBOARD
|
||
--------------------------------
|
||
Luffy 2
|
||
Sanji 0
|
||
--------------------------------
|
||
|
||
Turn to choose for Luffy
|
||
Enter 1 for X
|
||
Enter 2 for O
|
||
Enter 3 to Quit
|
||
3
|
||
Final Scores
|
||
--------------------------------
|
||
SCOREBOARD
|
||
--------------------------------
|
||
Luffy 2
|
||
Sanji 0
|
||
--------------------------------
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
* * *
|
||
|
||
* * *
|
||
|
||
## 结论
|
||
|
||
我们希望这篇文章对读者来说既有趣又有益。我也在 Github 上传了代码。你可以访问[这里](https://github.com/Aprataksh/Tic-tac-toe)获取代码。如果对游戏有什么建议，欢迎评论。
|
||
|
||
* * * |